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近日正在攻克语法过程中，每天的收获都挺大的，以防自己败给记性，同时也和大家分享一下，可做复习之用，
所以将每天遇到的语法知识点小做总结，po于此。
欢迎大家指正、讨论，拍砖、泼水！
希望最后我和大家都能达到向薰衣紫草前辈说的那种“和出题人融为一体”的境界。
P.S.：内有附件。为了不沉贴，密码回复可见啦~
密码是 dream
-------------------------------------------以下内容纯属本人“捏造”，如有雷同，纯属巧合！-------------------------------------
1·“Where”--modify a noun place, such as area, site, country or Nevada. “Where”--cannot modify a "metaphorical" place, such as condition, situation, case, circumstances, or arrangement, here “in which” rather than “where”.
这条知识点使我明白了where和in which在有些情况下的区别：where对应noun place，in which对应“metaphorical”place。
2· by lalapiao 大范围问题：对于og的解释要不要彻头彻尾按照它的逻辑？ps：解题越多对于这个问题更纠结
以下是superbat对此问题的看法：
“yep, 楼上正解。我认为GMAT SC并非国人所认识的那样叫做语法题。SC= sentence correction, 但不是grammar correction，right？ 所以，GMAT其实并不是要我们完全focus在grammar上，而应该跟像是“在保证语义正确的情况下，语法在这个句子中的完美无歧义运用”。
对于OG，我倒一直觉得它的解释需要好好看，需要去揣摩，甚至优于PREP解析给出的任何解释。aeo前辈的工作灰常出色，但我之所以那么看重OG是因为，那是唯一的一本官方给出他们出题想法的解释。尽管PREP比OG更繁复、更全面、更贴近我们的母语，但它在很大程度上仍是我们在揣摩和靠近GMAC时写下的解释，并不是那么官方，所以并不如OG那么的权威吧。”
我就是上文中的“楼上”：
“这个问题好抽象。
不过有时候我也有很多很模糊的感受，比如有些OG上的解释我实在不知道是什么意思，但是这些解释完全不影响我选出正确答案，即使如此我也会纠结啊；或者还有时对于OG所说的同样一种错误原因我在不同的地方看到的表现都是不一样的，以至于我开始不知道到底神马样的错误才是错误了。
后来又想了想，GMAT的语法题不如叫文法题。GMAT考试本身并没有告诉我们什么是绝对错误的，什么是绝对正确的，OG上的那一点举例也并没有涵盖绝大部分考题中的错误，再加上我们根据真题以及以往的英语语法知识总结出来的GMAT语法笔记中也是，知识点都并不绝对。这就是我感觉到，GMAT考试的语法题考查的并不单纯是纯粹的语法知识，而是某些语法知识在相当具体的环境中的最佳应用（这种最佳是通过比较得到的，而不是语法知识的绝对错误与否）。于是，我们听着“语法题”这个名字时，就下意识与我们高中初中所做语法题相比较，有时甚至“触类旁通”，这样是不甚恰当的（其实，有时我还感觉这和中国人的思维有很大关系，我们总是希望有什么条条框框来卡着，总是相信一些成文的规律或者绝对的原则，我们最怕的其实就是“言之有理即可”，这也是我们没有真正做到的。）。叫成文法题后，可能我们的注意力就能相对地从对语法只是绝对错误的判断上转移到不同表达在不同语境中的更好应用。
此外，在语法题中，我感觉一定要注意，你和题目真的是在讨论同一个问题，也就是要make sure you are in the game。语法题中如果找不到题目要考你的点，那就很容易陷入纠结。抓住考点做题是一定可以选出最正确的答案的。我感觉其他一些小的错误点的存在很正常，出题人为了制造错误答案，难免会引出其他错误的，这些错误不是题目作者的目的，所以，我们干嘛死盯这些不放。当然，要准确识别这些考点需要很大功力。（这样的问题在逻辑题中也有体现，我们判断相关和无关就是在确保选项和题目讨论的是相同范围内的问题。）
最后，一点小感触，GMAT解题过程中都体现着一种对应性。语法题中是语法点与具体语境的对应，而逻辑题中是前提与结论的对应（比如加强题的正确答案是最能强化对应性的选项，削弱题则是制造若对应性的选项，也就是在增加对应），答案总是选择对应性最强的选项。
一点拙见与楼主讨论~ ”
3·"In GMAT sentences, do not use the Present Progressive to indicate future actions. This usage is considered too colloquial. Instead, use the Simple Future."
在GMAT考试中，不要用现在进行时态表示将来，因为这样显得太通俗了；反而，应该用一般将来时。
4·require的固定搭配：
(1) Require sb./sth. to do sth. 不定式只能用主动形式
(2) Require (of sb.) that + 原v 需要某人做某事
(3) N. is required (of sb./sth.) to do sth. 某物对某人做某事来说是必须的
5·主动优于被动是有条件的，不是绝对的---“when the passive voice contributes to unnecessary wordiness or confusion”。
如果句子意思就是要表达被动的动作、意思，且没有带来歧义或者啰嗦，那么被动语态也是可以正确的。
要真正明白active voice和passive voice的本质区别：前者动作的发出者是明确的，后者的动作发出者不是明确的。对于一个动作发出者不明确的动作来说，当然用被动语态更好，因为如果用了主动语态的话，则引出了并不重要或者根本就不知道的动作的发出者，是的表达反而不准确。而被动语态也可以引出动作的发出者，通过by介词短语，但这时会有歧义产生，因为介词结构还行修饰别的名词，造成歧义，所以说被动语态歧义的根本原因是介词结构的歧义。
remember this:
if the subject of a verb is unknown or irrelevant, use the passive voice.
6· “Simple gerund phrases are NEVER PARALLEL to complex gerund phrases.”
简单动名词词组永远不能喝复杂动名词词组平行；所谓复杂动名词词组通常指带有冠词和of的动名词词组。
"Only complex gerund phrases (often with articles and the word Of ) can be parallel to action nouns."
只有复杂的动名词词组才能和表示动作的名词平行。
7·注意being、having，虽然二者大多数情况是错的，但GMAT也通常会制造一些其他的语法错误，使得此类选项稍好一点。
再次说明了，GMAT语法不是找正确选项而是找最优选项，且我们所见语法规则没有绝对的！切记！
8·代词在句子主语的位置上，通常会被认为指代与其平行句子的主语。
9·prohibit后不接虚拟语气，其常见用法为：
（1）prohibit sth （2）prohibit from doing （3）prohibit sb from doing
10·that从句优于一堆名词性修饰语，常用这种结构的词包括：hypothesis，belief，discovery，evidence，and indication，以及 report，claim，contention，assertion等一些报道性的词语。
而对于像law，regulation这样表示法律法规的词语，则最好用doing分词结构修饰，更能表达其内容，同时体现出经常发生的意思。
11·关于名词-形容词形容词结构的两点原则：
（1）当前面名词是时间、数量或者计量性质的词的时候，一定要用of结构：the honeybee population density不如the density of the honeybee population
（2）最好不要用所有格的形式修饰一个计量性的词:the honey population's density 更不好了
12·为了避免主语修饰语过于冗长，有时候会将修饰语后置。
e.g.:A new CEO has been hired who will transform the company by decentralizing authority to various dicision heads while invreasing their accountability through the use of public scorecards.
13·GMAT认为复数名词不能用所有格。这条其实很扯。。。
e.g.: students‘ books 不好
14·从句修饰之前主句的两种方法：OG12-SC-83
（1）独立词组（笔记中叫概括性同位语）：一般形式是一句结束后，一个概括性名词+that从句/其他结构来修饰此名词
e.g.:The rate of language extinction is accelerating, a tendency that will ultimately cultimate in the survival of just a few languages, according to sme.
（2）V-ing形式：V-ing形式跟在主句后面，有三种情况可用：a做伴随状语 b表结果 c修饰其前面紧跟的名词（在主系表结构中)
15·情态动词在使用过程中不能相互替换：我理解为，每个情态动词都是有差别的，表达的程度、可能性都不尽相同，所以不能替换，如果替换肯定使得意思表达产生偏差。
16·be to在GMAT中永远是错的，用will或者should替代。（类似于不用现在进行时态表示将来）
17·一个名词放于动名词之前，如果该名词是动名词的发起者，那么要用所有格。
（这一条好像解决了昨天一个同学问的关于动名词和所有格的问题了，希望你能看到。）
18·We have even more efficient engines than before.这句话句意模糊的原因是比较对象不清晰，more efficient engines既可以理解为more efficient，也可以理解为more engines。
处理方法：We have even more engines that are efficient than before. 或者 We have engines even more efficien than before.
19·remind sb. of sth. 的意思应该是“提醒某人做过某事”，而remind sb. to do sth.的意思是“提醒某人去做某事”。
20·began studying 表目的 ultimate goal.
began to study 表“this is what we are going to do” (有点动作的感觉)
不知道这样的既能搭配doing又能搭配to do的动词在这两种搭配下意思的区别是不是可以类比的？？？比如说try。。。
有结论了：首先，所有动词的to do和doing的理解都是可以类比的，使用法则都是一致的，因为这属于meaning的范畴；而判断使用是否正确的方法是将to do或doing替换成一个相应的名词来看看是不是作者想表达的意思。具体详见http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_SC/thread-737805-2-1.html 13# baby姐的讲解。
21·"...you might read it one way and simply think that’s the meaning, not realizing that someone else could interpret the wording differently and come up with an alternate meaning."
这句话解决了之前我的一个疑问，那就是有些时候看OG的解释说某个选项有歧义，可分明自己读的时候感觉清楚的很，这只是因为我read it one way and simply think that’s the meaning，实际不同人站在不同角度肯定会有不同歧义，所以在读句子时要严谨对待句子的逻辑意思。
22·On all Sentence Correction questions:
（1）Keep track of your thinking on your scrap paper. Your first pass is to decide between “definitely wrong” and “maybe.” Your second pass is to determine which of the “maybe” choices you’re actually going to pick.
（2）Read the original question in its entirety. Unless you can pinpoint a specific error, don’t eliminate answer choice A.
（3）Whenever you find an error, immediately scan any remaining choices and eliminate those that repeat the same error.
（4）Practice making educated guesses and study how you are going to make the decision when you do have to guess.
我们可以看到做语法题的基本思路。
23·最近见了好多关于嵌入式关系分句的题目。嵌入式关系分句，详解如下：
“有一种关系分句（即定语从句），它既是先行项的后置修饰语（即定语），同时又是另外一个分句结构的宾语（即宾语从句）”此分句结构就被嵌入在定语从句中，即嵌入式关系分句。
该书举例：In his breast-pocket he had a patch of scarlet, which i suppose was the paper cap serving as a handkerchief.
注意两点：
1）从句which was the paper cap serving as a handkerchief 首先是 patch of scarlet的定语从句。
2）从句which（patch of scarlet） was the paper cap serving as a handkerchief 也是i suppose 的宾语从句，即I suppose （that）the patch of scarlet was the paper cap serving as a handkerchief 。
综上所述，当一个定语从句同时是另一个主谓结构的宾语从句是，就可以写为嵌入式关系分句。
e.g.:A recent poll of elected officials suggests that candidates, when in the midst of a tough campaign, often make statements about an opponent that they may not think is true.
A. Is B. are C. tobe D. of as E. it is（B）
24·that从句中的that：
i·如果是两个不同功能的that从句修饰同一个对象，那么两个从句的that都应补出，而且如果句子繁杂时，第二个that之前需要用逗号分隔；
ii·如果是两个that引导的定语从句修饰一个对象，先行词在从句中充当的成分不一样时，最好补出that，以防歧义，例如，OG12SC48；
当充当成分一样时，比如说主语，而不一定补出，相当于从句内部并列两个谓语。
25·Recently documented examples of neurogenesis, the production of new brain cells, include the brain growing in mice when placed in a stimulating environment or neurons increasing in canaries that learn new songs.
注意，其中when placed的用法是错误的。因为看上去是想修饰mice的，但是实际上根本不能修饰mice，而是在修饰主句的主谓。
这种when+分词企图修饰其前紧邻的名词的现象是极其错误的。
26·the last year可以搭配完成时，也可以搭配现在时，last year用过去时。
27·estimate to be...years old /date to be...years ago /date at...years old
以上三个词组是关于表示预测年龄的表示方法。
另外，estimate有两种用法，一是estimate to be，另一个是estimate at，其中前者是不定式的用法，后者一般是对worth, amount, size, weight的估计时使用，一般不用于年龄。
但是有这样一个例句： I estimate his age at thirty-five.
会发现此时estimate是及物动词的用法了，而at thirty-five是宾补。因此，表示年龄时最好不用estimate at。
28·关于misplaced modifier, dangling modifier, squinting modifier的区别:
(1)MISPLACED MODIFIER: Some modifiers, especially simple modifiers — only, just, nearly, barely — have a bad habit of slipping into the wrong place in a sentence. (In the sentence below, what does it mean to "barely kick" something?)
Confusion: He barely kicked that ball twenty yards.
Repair Work: He kicked that ball barely twenty yards.这里可以问问自己，是几乎踢到了，还是踢了几乎那么远？
(2)DANGLING MODIFIER: When we begin a sentence with a modifying word, phrase, or clause, we must make sure the next thing that comes along can, in fact, be modified by that modifier. When a modifier improperly modifies something, it is called a "dangling modifier." This often happens with beginning participial phrases, making "dangling participles" an all too common phenomenon. In the sentence below, we can't have a car changing its own oil.
Confusion: Changing the oil every 3,000 miles, the car seemed to run better.
Repair Work: Changing the oil every 3,000 miles, Fred found he could get much better gas mileage.
*: An infinitive phrase can also "dangle." The infinitive phrase below should probably modify the person(s) who set up the exercise program.
Confusion: To keep the young recruits interested in getting in shape, an exercise program was set up for the summer months.
Repair Work: To keep the young recruits interested in getting in shape, the coaching staff set up an exercise program for the summer months.
这个叫悬垂修饰语的东西，我一度认为是个正确的语法现象，现在明白了，是错误的：当句子开头的opening words修饰的不是紧随其后的部分时，就悬垂了。
(3) SQUINTING MODIFIER（歧形修饰语）: A third problem in modifier placement is described as a "squinting modifier." This is an unfortunate result of an adverb's ability to pop up almost anywhere in a sentence; structurally, the adverb may function fine, but its meaning can be obscure or ambiguous. For instance, in the sentence below, do the students seek advice frequently or can they frequently improve their grades by seeking advice? You can't tell from that sentence because the adverb often is "squinting" (you can't tell which way it's looking). Let's try placing the adverb elsewhere.
Confusion: Students who seek their instructors' advice often can improve their grades.
Repair Work: Student who often seek their instructors' advice can improve their grades.
Repair Work: Students who seek their instructors' advice can often improve their grades.
问题主要出现在副词上，副词的不同位置导致被修饰的部分不同，于是又导致产生的意思不同，而其中有些情况就会歧义，尽管在语法结构上都是合理的。
29·一般来说so that可以引导目的状语从句和结果状语从句；引导结果状语从句时，从句中一般不用can和may等词，在so that前可以用逗号，意思是“因此;所以”
像这句话“She gave money, so that the school was grateful"也是对的，这里so that 就是引导结果状语从句，表结果。
我前面引用的那句“She gave money so that the school could offer scholarship"中， so that 引导目的状语从句。
---鸣谢 MINO芸
30·In a plan to stop the erosion of East Coast beaches, the Army Corps of Engineers proposed building parallel to shore a breakwater of rocks that would rise six feet above the waterline and act as a buffer, absorbing the energy of crashing waves and protecting the beaches.
终于见到svo，doing时，doing是来修饰先前的名词的情况了。
pp note：“现在分词在句尾用逗号隔开，必须注意的一点是此结构从来都没失去过“做定语”的功能，只是优先做状语而已，即优先修饰到前面主句的主语和谓语。”
31·关于句尾V-ing分词修饰的问题彻底不怵了：
（1）v-ing放在后面的情况，要看前面有没有逗号，两者截然不同：
如果"v-ing ..."前面没有逗号，那么是作为noun modifier，遵从touch rule，修饰临近的noun
e.g.：Many daring vacationers who participatein guided boat tours on the Tarcoles River encounter native crocodileslurking in the shallows, with eyes and noses peeking out from the surface of the murky water.
如果是", v-ing ..."，那么作为状语(adverbial phrase)，修饰前面整个动作，需要share逻辑主语
以下直接贴Ron的吧，讲得真好，强烈推荐，最后那个例子相当经典
the "comma + ing" modifiershould only be used when:
(A)
it MODIFIES THE ENTIRE ACTION of thepreceding clause, and it APPLIES TO THE SUBJECT of that clause;
AND
(B)
one of the following is true:
(1) the "ing" action isSIMULTANEOUS with, and SUBORDINATE to, the main action;
- i ran down the sidewalk, flapping my armswildly
(2) the "ing" action is a DIRECTAND IMMEDIATE CONSEQUENCE of the main action.
- i got a 100 on the most recent exam,bringing my average up to 91
--
since COMMA + -ING clauses are automaticallyattributed to the SUBJECT of the preceding clause, this modifies the moon.
as it clearly should, in context.
also note that it applies not only to thatsubject, but to the entire action of that clause (this is what makes it"adverbial").
two problems with that choice:
1) when you use a COMMA -ING modifier after a clause**, you should actuallysatisfy TWO requirements:
-- the modifier should modify the action of the preceding clause, as youhave stated;
AND
-- the subject of the preceding clause should also make sense as the agentof the -ING action.
examples:
Joe broke the window, angering his father. -->this sentence makes sense, because it correctly implies that joe"angered his father".
the window was broken by Joe, angering his father.--> this sentence doesn't make sense, because it implies that the window(i.e., not joe himself) angered joe's father.
my brother tricked me, disappointing Dad --> implies that dad isdisappointed in my brother for tricking me (and not necessarily disappointed inme for being tricked).
i was tricked by my brother, disappointing Dad --> implies that dadis disappointed in me because i fell for my brother's trick (and not that he'sdisappointed in my brother for tricking me).
--------------以上内容摘自baby姐曾经某贴
用自己的话说一下：句尾V-ing既可以来修饰之前的从句，又可以来修饰之前的名词，只不过“，doing”是首先应用于主句的主谓的，当不能应用于时，则是修饰名词的情形；我们对V-ing分词作状语的情形十分了解，对于修饰之前名词的情形很少见，除了V-ing修饰名词时要遵守touch rule之外，有时我们也会见到“，doing”来修饰之前名词的情形，这种情况是touch rule的特殊情况，因为在名词和V-ing之间出现了mission-critical modifier，doing之前同时也会出现逗号，逗号是分隔作用，这就很像V-ing作状语的样子了，所以很容易混淆。
两个句尾V-ing修饰名词的例子:
OG-SC-65 In a plan to stop the erosion of East Coast beaches, the Army Corps of Engineers proposed building parallel to shore a breakwater of rocks that would rise six feet above the waterline and act as a buffer, absorbing the energy of crashing waves and protecting the beaches.
OG10-39For members of the seventeenth-century Ashanti nation in Africa, animal-hide shields with wooden frames were essential items of military equipment, protecting warriors against enemy arrows and spears.
32· "due to" vs "because of"：
"Due to" functions as an adjectival phrase and is used to modify a noun (e.g., His failure was due to his laziness). "Because of" functions as an adverbial phrase and is used to modify a verb or verb phrase (e.g., He failed because of his laziness).
"Due to" is a phrase that must describe a noun. "The fire was due to drought" is correct, but "There was a fire due to drought" is not. When describing a verb phrase, "because of" is preferable: "There was a fire because of drought."
due to是形容词词组，必须来修饰名词；because of是副词词组，用来修饰动词。
在修饰动词时，最好用because of。
我特地在正确句子集中验证了一下：
a在OG12及其Verbal分册中完全正确，且正确句子几乎不出现due to；
b在prep08中完全正确，同样没有出现含due to的正确句子；
c在GWD-TN-24_SC中，because of情况完全符合，due to只出现了下面这一个有问题的句子：
GWD3-Q21:
After analyzing data gathered by weather satellites, scientists report that the Earth’s northern latitudes have become about ten percent greener since 1980, due to more vigorous plant growth associated with warmer temperatures and higher levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide.
这个句子中的due to应该是没有修饰任何一个名词，而是修饰have become greener的；另外这个due to出现在未划线分。
贴个due to的例子，虽然不是GMAT里的话：due to 来修饰inability
Federer’s inability to win Grand Slams in the last two years hasn’t been due to physical decline so much as a new mental frailty that emerges at crucial moments.
33·would与will：主要是时态上的区别，肯定程度上没有重要区别。
if you see a SPLIT between “will” and “would”, then it's most likely that we are dealing with a tense issue.
* if we are actually talking about an event that has not occurred yet -- i.e., an event that is genuinely in the future -- then we should usually use “will”.真正的在未来的事件
* if we are talking about an event that was still a future event at the time described in the sentence (but is no longer a future event), then we should use “would”.在讨论之时是未来事件，但现在已经已经不是（有可能正在发生）
---
总之，用would的情况： either "past" or "conditional under unlikely situation"。
34·think的两种用法:
（1）[VN-ADJ] I think it highly unlikely that I'll get the job. ◆ She thought him kind and generous. ◆
（2）[VN to inf] He's thought to be one of the richest men in Europe.
Help Note: This pattern is not usually used unless think is in the passive.这种用法最好用在被动时
35·suspect和suspicious of的区别：
SUSPECT:to have an idea that sth is probably true or likely to happen, especially sth bad, but without having definite proof有这样的想法，一些事情，特别会不好的事情，是真的或者可能发生，但是没有确切是证据
SUSPICIOUS：1·~ (of / about sb/sth) feeling that sb has done sth wrong, illegal or dishonest, without having any proof感觉某人干了错事、违法的或者不诚实的事，但也没有证据
2·~ (of sb/sth) not willing or able to trust sb/sth不愿或不能相信一些事或人
36·as with的用法：注意！！！：不用考虑逻辑主语
as with的结构在日常语法中是对的(意思为“正如……的情况一样”， 看作是as is the same with的省略式，with 后面常跟名词、动名词或what从句)：
(1) As with other forward contracts, the cash settlement amount is the amount necessary to compensate the party who would be disadvantaged by the actual change in market rates as of the settlement date.
(2) As with most diseases and disasters, the young suffer the most.
就像大部分的疾病和灾难一样，最遭罪的是年轻人。
(3) As with drawing a picture, you should be patient and careful in doing this job.
正如画画一样，你应该耐心并且认真做这项工作。
(4) As with what I said, he failed again.
正如我所说的，他又一次失败了。
37·关于时态，本身不只是一种结构，而且含有微妙的implied meaning，对时态的理解，到最后都是对意思的理解。
38·定语从句中，that 是关系代词，不是指示代词，与定语从句修饰的名词的数没有关系。
下面是个正确句子：
Of all the vast tides of immigration thathave swept through history, perhaps none was more concentrated than the wave that brought12 million immigrants onto American shores in little more than three decades.
再加一个句子吧~
12.Rising inventories, if not accompanied by corresponding increases in sales, can lead to production cutbacks that would hamper economic growth.
39·出现了一个新问题：怎样找到比较结构中的相比较的部分呢？未解决
baby姐说：“比较是特殊的平行。”
“
曾看到有前人总结出“比较的十大类型”，什么各种主语比较、谓语比较、宾语比较、……（好吧，有的我叫不出来了）这求索精神令我敬佩，不过我只想问：您老累吗？
Ron大神是这么讲比较的：
What do we care about comparison?  arallelism!
What are considered parallel? 1.Grammatical parallelism; 2. logical parallelism.
好了，comparison问题，就转化为parallelism的问题，也就是说comparison不过是parallelism的一个特例而已，NO need to devote a new chapter, let alone list in ten forms.
这就是“大道至简”，正如物理学里目前能够把除了gravity的三种作用力统一，在这里就是把comparison归并到parallelism. 有人说“上帝喜欢简单”。越是简单，越接近于真理。
简单说下遇到比较题怎么操作。不管是than，是as … as …，还是twice之类的词，方法都是统一的：
1. 看到comparison indicator: e.g.“than”, “as… as…”
2. 找到紧接着这个indicator后出现的比较对象B
3. 在这个indicator前面，寻找B可能的counterpart – A，要求A与B的parallelism关系符合语法和逻辑两方面的要求。这样的A是否存在且唯一？
看，这其实就是平行的问题！
以上，解决所有涉及比较的问题，再加上一点“近乎废话的话”：Whenever you see a quantity/figure/ratio/percent,make sure that quantity/figure/ratio/percent is clearly defined.一旦你看到了这些词quantity/figure/ratio/percent，确保这些词在句中被定义过。
”
40·名词修饰语可以是名词，但是这个名词是要以同位语的形式出现的才行。
41·Once X had happened, Y happened.
受这个结构的启发，我想到：过去完成时态的条件不就是这样，描述过去发生的两个具有先后顺序的动作中的先发生的一个。
于是发散一下：
Once X have done, Y happen.
这个结构是不是也正确？如果正确，还说明了一个问题：在描述发生在现在的两个具有先后顺序的动作时，先发生的用现在完成时态，后发生的用一般现在时态。
这是OG上的一个正确句子：
75.A proposal has been made to trim the horns from rhinoceroses to discourage poachers；the question is whether tourists will continue to visit game parks to see rhinoceroses once the animals' horns have been trimmed.
SEE？这个结构正确！
42·FANBOYS 是七个conjunctions 的第一个字母：所谓连词，可以连接两个句子的词
F for /A and/ N nor/B but/O or/Y yet/S so
---
与标点有关的句子构成方法：
Ways to correctly connect clauses:
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE + COMMA + FANBOYS + INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE + SEMICOLON + INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
DEPENDENT CLAUSE + COMMA + INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE + COMMA + DEPENDENT CLAUSE
(Sometimes there is no comma when the dependent clause comes second)
43·先把关于that的一条记下来：------>移步看24·吧
在and并列连接了两个定语从句时，后面一个定语从句的that不能省略。
44·IDIOM：admiration for sb./sth.
in addition to...除...之外（不考虑逻辑主语）
contrary to...与...相反（放句首不考虑逻辑主语）
45·处理and平行：
我们应该都很熟悉要求平行的结构，识别出这样的结构是处理平行的前提；
对于and的平行，我建议从两方面来考虑：a先结构上：从and开始向前找可以在语法上平行的结构，有时唯一，有时不唯一 b在语义：从找到的可以在语法上平行的结构中，根据语义进一步筛选；
这样应该就万无一失了。一般做题时，a容易做到，b就要求对语义很好的理解了。
另外我感觉此处有一个技巧就是，要从and向前寻找，考察平行。（当然有时也向后。）
46·给破折号预留 未解决
47·Recently documented examples of neurogenesis, the production of new brain cells, include the brain growing in mice [when placed] in a stimulating environment or neurons increasing in canaries that learn new songs.
版本I：这句话中关于划线when placed的错误：对应每个词翻译成汉语后感觉很对，可其实不符合英语的用法和逻辑。这里when placed企图来修饰mice，但根本不可以，因为when引导a时间状语从句b定语从句（修饰具体的时间）。这种“when+VERBed”的结构企图来修饰之前就近出现的名词都是妄想。
版本II：这里的when在逻辑上修饰mice，但在结构上，确实修饰句子的主语的。
The problem with A is that this “when” modifier is logically referring to the mice (when the mice are placed in the stimulating environment), but structurally we’ve got a different story. Structurally, bizarrely enough, it’s referring to the subject of the sentence, “examples.” Technically, it’s really referring to the main clause to which it’s attached; this clause includes the subject and verb.
I ate mangoes with my sister when hungry.
I ate mangoes on the beach when hungry.
Who was hungry? Not my sister. Not the beach! Me. I ate when I was hungry. The sentence really says:
I ate mangoes on the beach when (I was) hungry.
Try that with our GMAT problem.
“Examples include the brain growing in mice when (the examples were) placed…”
Nope. That doesn’t work. Okay, so we have logic pointing us to the “mice” while structure points us to the “examples.” That’s ambiguous.
48·关于就近指代/修饰：
无论是指代还是修饰时，就近指代且同时是逻辑指代是最好的，当然也可以单纯就近指代或者逻辑指代(另一种情况不合理时，但当两种情况都合理时就会出现指代歧义或修饰对象不明确的问题)；
还会涉及到一个问题就是：距离越远，代词或者修饰结构是指示性就越弱，代词与被指代部分以及修饰结构与被修饰对象之间的对应性就越弱，于是歧义就越大。（在此验证我的一个感觉：GMAT强调一种强对应性。）
50·关于过去完成时态的一句话：
Two past verbs are generally both in the simple past tense unless the *former* had a direct bearing on the *latter*.
这句话体现了我之前的一种观点：中文的解释时常体现不出英文解释的神韵。
51·double作为动词，其主宾应该是拥有和被拥有（或者宾语是主语的属性之一）的关系：
Retail sales rose 0.8 of 1 percent in August, intensifying expectations that personal spending in the July–September quarter would more than double the 1.4 percent growth rate in personal spending for the previous quarter.
上句中double的主语是personal spending，宾语是growth rate，也就是the growth rate of personal spending。
52·有三种结构在句首时，需要考虑逻辑主语是否合适：
【V-ing, SVO】 【介词+ V-ing, SVO】 【To do, SVO】 -ed ,SVO
三者都是状语，所以任何一者在句尾或句首，都不能和定语从句/同位语互换。
53·when we use essential noun modifier "something that bla bla", we should make sure it is EITHER:
(a) "something" is the subject or object of the "that clause"
这种情况GMAT会和介词+which放在一起出题，介词+which中明显something不是从句的主语了，而是介词的宾语。
OR
(b) "something" is this kind of words: finding, opinion, belief, suggestion, etc. and "that bla bla" is to explain "something" in a clause.
这种情况也很常见，抽象名词用that同为语从句来解释说明其内容。
54·‘’first NOUN to be VERBed' is generally the preferred form in discussing the results of human efforts/actions/interference/perception/etc., while 'first VERBed NOUN' is generally used to indicate inherent qualities of the noun.‘’
形容词（分词）描述的是名词的内在属性，不定式描述的是被赋予的属性。
55·pronoun这块的absolute rules就只有2条：
(1). the antecedent must exist
(2). A pronoun and its antecedent must agree in number
其他的原则都不是绝对的，他们的根本原则都是不能产生指代歧义。
当语法上（符合上两条）可能的先行词多/先行词与代词对应性不强（最好是唯一对应，但不必一定唯一对应，而且很少唯一对应，要不考起来GMAT可能就觉得不爽了）时，歧义就产生了。
56·Whenever you use a number/ratio/quantity, be sure to define it.
e.g.:A recent review of pay scales indicates that,on average, CEO's now earn 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, as compared to 42 times their pay, the ratio in 1980.
57·要见怪不怪啊！
i·Many experts regarded the large increase in credit card borrowing in March not as a sigh that households were pressed for cash and forced to borrow, but as a sign that households were confident they could safely handle new debt.
confident后面直接SVO了。
ii·The investigations of many psychologists and anthropologists support the generalization that there is little that is significantly different in the underlying mental processes manifested by people from different cultures.
这里的little竟然是名词：n. 一点点, 一会儿, 少许。更多例句：
He is little known as an artist.
The little that I have seen of his work is satisfactory.
It's in Chinese I can make little of it.
58·这道题原来是这样：
In an effort to reduce their inventories, Italian vintners have cut prices; their wines have been priced to sell, and they are. C
(A) have been priced to sell, and they are
(B) are priced to sell, and they have
(C) are priced to sell, and they do
(D) are being priced to sell, and have
(E) had been priced to sell, and they have
上句结构： Their wines are priced to sell, and they do.
类似的句子： Their cars are designed to inspire envy, and they do.
还是来感受一下英语解释的神韵吧~关于词语省略
"ELLIPSIS is the omission of words whose presence is understood.
Generally, words that are omitted should appear in the SAME FORM earlier in the sentence.”
A: wines...priced to SELL, and they are [SELLING].
Selling and sell are different forms.
Eliminate A.
B, D, and E: wines...priced to SELL, and they have [SOLD].
Sold and sell are different forms.
Eliminate B, D and E.
The correct answer is C:
wines priced to SELL, and they do [SELL].
Here, do is standing in for sell.
Both verbs are in the same form.
Please note the following:
To sell can be used to refer to the SELLER:
The stores sells many books.
To sell can also be used to refer to the ITEM BEING SOLD:
The books in the store sell well.
The conveyed meaning here is than many people purchase the books.
关于OG12-SC87题目本身以及相关问题的两个帖子：
http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_SC/thread-741501-2-1.html #18
http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_SC/thread-743121-1-1.html #7
59·baby姐又一针见血了：
“首先，全划线本身就是clue，就是告诉咱应该关注什么：
1. 宏观的句意逻辑
2. Error types: 绝大多数情况考MODIFIERS，少数情况考宏观的parallelism. ”
60·after的词性可以是副词、介词、连词和形容词；在GMAT中的用法大概分一下几种：
（1）after+名词词组：一般介宾结构，不多说
（2）after+逻辑主语+过去分词：e.g.: after an assembly-line technique introduced by Ransom Olds
（3）after+doing：此时需注意doing的逻辑主语，绝大对数正确情况是单一主语的句子的主语，表示某动作之后，体现动过的先后e.g.: *The results of the company's cost-cutting measures are evident in its profits, which have increased 5 percent during the first 3 months of this year after falling over the last two years.*After suffering $2 billion in losses and 25,000 layoffs, the nation's semiconductor industry, which makes chips that run everything from computers and spy satellites to dishwashers, appears to have made a long-awaited recovery.
（4）after+句子：表示某动作发生时点之后 e.g.: *Less successful after she emigrated to New York than she had been in her native Germany, photographer Lotte Jacobi nevertheless earned a small group of discerning admires, and her photographs were eventually exhibited in prestigious galleries across the United States. *Almost a decade after New York State passed laws to protect patients by reducing the grueling hours worked by medical residents, an investigation of twelve hospitals by state medical officials has found that all twelve consistently break the laws, that many residents work longer than 24 hours straight, and that more than half the surgical residents work more than 95 hours a week. *Initiated on Columbus Day 1992, five centuries after Europeans arrived in the New World, Project SETI pledged a $100 million investment in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence.
despite the fact that...不简洁
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then与later语义重复
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fish表示单数时，其前一定有冠词a或the等
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That主语从句可以做主语
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发表于 2012-7-17 09:16:10
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