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alzn2765答疑帖(永远不沉的旗舰)

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发表于 2015-10-23 18:20:40 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
申精欢迎大家把自己有疑问的CR回复给我,在此帖问题的我会尽量回复。不在本帖问题的,每天随机抽取两人回复。


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 楼主| 发表于 2016-3-1 17:50:27 | 显示全部楼层
colourfulR 发表于 2016-3-1 17:32
谢谢啦!!!!!!

你看看你自己都承认是被前面的balabala绕晕菜了吧?前面的逻辑关系一定会很复杂的,不复杂能绕晕你?你不看前面一堆屁一样解题。
这个方法我说你用你肯定不敢直接用,你把OG,prep上这样的题找出来,自己试一下不就知道能不能放心大胆的用了?

这题里就一个fact就是For example句。你要看句子和句子之间的关系啊!第一句话是一个claim,however之后说一个跟第一句相反的claim,for example句支持however中的claim,points out是肯定是基于For example句的,因为points out句中有in this respect, this respect指代前句中的这个fact,所以是基于这个fact的further development,一定不是fact,而是claim。所以,fact一定是example句。
 楼主| 发表于 2016-2-29 20:13:23 | 显示全部楼层
colourfulR 发表于 2016-2-29 18:29
Which of the following most logically completes the argument?

The irradiation of food kills bacteri ...

这种题教一个万用万灵的方法:
这种题只看最后有用的那句,如果那句出现代词了,从前文中找指代,没出现代词前面都不用看。GMAC前面balabala说一堆的唯一目的就是把你整晕,让你的记忆负担增加,说白了就是让你晕菜
This fact is misleading, since _______.
就这一句就够了。
This fact指代一定是一个fact,什么是fact?一定是For example这句,claim都不能是fact。fact就是“irradiation destroys B1”这件事吧?
你这么想:
结论是This fact (irradiation destroys B1) is misleading
前提是让你在选项里找。
你就在选项里找一个会造成misleading的情况就好了:
正确选项是不是必须说irradiation destroy B1这件事怎么怎么了?才可能造成misleading。
举例:
日本人都是色情狂这件事is misleading,当然我知道这是一个否命题。我如果要支持这句话是不是一定要围绕着“日本人是不是色情狂”来说?也就是“日本人”和“色情狂”必须同时出现在支持中?
不信我们试试:
日本人都是小短腿(没有”色情狂“)-无法支持
美国人都是色情狂(没有”日本人“)-无法支持
中国人都是正人君子(既没有”日本人“,也没有”色情狂“)-无法支持
日本人拍的那些色情题材的电影都是演戏而已,并没有发生在日常生活中(有”日本人“,也有”色情“)-支持
A. 没有B1
B. 没有B1
C. 没有B1
D. 都有,留下
E. 都有,留下
至此,DE无法区分,换招。

再回题干找“有效信息”:
发现“his fact is either beside the point, since much irradiated food is eaten raw, or else misleading”中出现eithor or,eithor or什么意思?不是就是。
一件事如果说eithor or是不是就等于“2分”了:是或者不是。
那我们看eithor包括了什么情况,or一定就是剩下的情况了。
this fact is either beside the point, since much irradiated food is eaten raw
irradiated food 生吃了是一种情况,也就是说or中说的情况一定是“irradiated food不生吃”,翻译成人话就是“让人煮了呗”!
回看DE,此时无论如何都要读句子了,那就读吧:
D说有些cooking比irradiation更损害B1
E说对于那些irradiated了也cooked了的食物,B1的损坏究竟是哪个处理说不清了。
注意D没说这些食物是不是煮了,只比较了煮与radiation哪个更损害B1
E说的是对于“既radiated又cooked的食物”。。。。
所以,E是正确选项。

至此,此题做完。是不是一直到做完题,我都没讲逻辑关系?
这就是这个方法的优点:即使你考场上晕菜了,大脑空白了,不能思考逻辑关系了,题依旧可以做对。找选项里有没有radiation和B1不难吧?最后就只剩两个选项了。找哪个cook了,哪个没cook容易吧?不用逻辑上理解,读下句子就知道。
发表于 2015-10-23 18:26:09 | 显示全部楼层
先强势沙发一下。。感谢LZ分享!
发表于 2015-10-24 11:45:47 | 显示全部楼层
我先问一个并且先感谢

Editorial: The roof of Northtown Council's equipment-storage building collapsed under the weight of last week's heavy snowfall. The building was constructed recently and met local building-safety codes in every particular, except that the nails used for attaching roof supports to the building's columns were of a smaller size than the codes specify for this purpose. Clearly, this collapse exemplifies how even a single, apparently insignificant, departure from safety standards can have severe consequences.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the editorial's argument?

B. The amount of snow that accumulated on the roof of the equipment-storage building was greater than the predicted maximum that was used in drawing up the safety codes.
D. The municipality of Northtown itself has the responsibility for ensuring that buildings constructed within its boundaries meet the provisions of the building-safety codes.

没有疑问的选项就不贴了,答案是B,虽然我也理解,但我很想选D。
题干说房子塌了是因为螺丝钉不达标,B项提供了另一个可能的原因:雪太大了,可是D也是啊:房子建设的时候没有达到安全要求,也就是说不仅仅是螺丝钉的问题
官方解释是谁对ensuring compliance with the safety codes 负责和屋顶塌了的原因没关系,难道是D仅仅强调了负责的是政府么,也有说建筑结构本身不满足安全要求的问题啊,懵

发表于 2015-10-24 20:26:05 | 显示全部楼层
楼主人真好,感谢
 楼主| 发表于 2015-10-24 21:29:57 | 显示全部楼层
ggiovega 发表于 2015-10-24 11:45
我先问一个并且先感谢

Editorial: The roof of Northtown Council's equipment-storage building collapse ...
小白鼠值得得到更多,我给你解释详细一点儿。

果因推理找削弱

前提(果):The roof of Northtown Council's equipment-storage building collapsed under the weight of last week's heavy snowfall.
结论(因):departure from safety standards

果--->因
削弱可能的方向有
1. 他因。找一个除了departure from safety standards之外的“因”导致了“果”。“他因”可以单独成立造成“果”(等于否定了原因果关系逻辑链),也可以与“因”共同导致“果”(等于否定了“因”的唯一性)
2. 因果倒置。这题的逻辑很难因果倒置,因为两件时间发生的时间顺序已经很明显了。因果倒置一般用在“因”和“果”同时发生,或者发生的先后顺序题中没有明确给出的情况。
3. 果且非因。给出一个反例证明:在“果”发生的情况下,“因”没有出现。直接否定了原因果关系存在的可能性。
4. 非因--->果。给出一个情况:在“非因”发生的情况下,“果”发生了。质疑了原“因”的唯一性(在没有“因”的情况下,“果”发生了,那么一定是有“他因”导致了“果”,原“因”一定不唯一)。

以上是比较常见的果因推理找削弱的CQ方向。

此题中B选项明显给出了一个“他因”:不是一定因为departure from safety standards,而是雪下的太大了,即使达到safety standards一样在劫难逃。

对D选项的理解应该是这样的:
如果这个房子的safety standards没有达标,那么政府有责任让它达标
刻画为:departure from safety standards---->The municipality of Northtown itself has the responsibility for ensuring
这一定不错吧?
我们把D选项的刻画跟题干中的果因关系结合,得到:
(A--->B, B--->C,则A-->C)
The roof of Northtown Council's equipment-storage building collapsed under the weight of last week's heavy snowfall--->departure from safety standards---->The municipality of Northtown itself has the responsibility for ensuring
也就是The roof of Northtown Council's equipment-storage building collapsed under the weight of last week's heavy snowfall--->The municipality of Northtown itself has the responsibility for ensuring

现在我们等于是找到了"果"的root cuase,也就是"那个根本的原因",“病根”。可这算是“他因”削弱吗?
很遗憾,不是,这是加强。

试想一下:发生了一个“果”,我把这个“果”归因于一个intermediate conclusion(表因),当然你可能不明白,因为“果”与“表因”之间的逻辑关系貌似并不是那么紧密。这时我给你一个root cause(本因),这是削弱还是加强?当然是加强了!原来因果关系不是很容易理解,我现在告诉你intermediate conclusion--->root cause,等于是解释了为什么“表因”可以是“果”的因啊!

如果还是不明白,我们看一段对话:
A:虽然医生给了我一副药房,但我的胃病最近又严重了(这是“果”)
B:为啥?
A:医生给我的那个治胃病的中药我不想吃了(这是“表因”)
B:哦?为啥?
A:因为那个药房要TMD用自己的大便做药引,我不想吃自己的屎。。。。(这是“本因”)

当A说出最后一段话的时候,你觉得A是削弱了 虽然医生给了我一副药房,但我的胃病最近又严重了---->医生给我的那个治胃病的中药我不想吃了 这个逻辑关系?还是加强了?

综上,即使D是给出了departure from safety standards的root cause,也不是削弱,而是加强
发表于 2015-10-24 21:37:52 | 显示全部楼层
67. It has always been difficult to understand the basis of politics in the People’s Republic of China. Because the system is effectively closed, it is impossible to know with any degree of confidence who is allied with whom and for what reasons. Yet Chinese politics does exhibit many of the external characteristics of factional political systems, as found in more open societies. It is legitimate to conclude, therefore, that China has a factional political system.

Which one of the following, if true, would confirm the author’s conclusion that China has a factional political system?           

A.All open political systems are factional political systems.
B.All factional political systems are closed political systems.
C.All closed political systems are factional political systems.
D.China’s political system is more open than many existing factional political systems.
E.China’s political system is more closed than all existing factional political systems.

先谢谢楼主!
求助狒狒逻辑第67题;B和C 实在弄不懂差别TT 逻辑弱鸡求别取笑TT
 楼主| 发表于 2015-10-24 22:57:53 | 显示全部楼层
maisemak 发表于 2015-10-24 21:37
67. It has always been difficult to understand the basis of politics in the People’s Republic of Ch ...

Bible有一章叫Sufficient and Neccessary conditions,你一定要看一下。或者中文MBA逻辑的参考书,随便找一本,看看充分必要条件那一章。

这题就是最基本的“搭桥”题

前提: the system (of China) is effectively closed
结论: that China has a factional political system

前提---->结论
明显,前提和结论之间有一个gap:为啥China is closed system就能得到China has a factional political system?

我们换一种字母表达法:
A is B, so A is C
如果要结论成立,我需要添加什么条件?
一定是all B is C.

太抽象,换个能看懂的:
我是男的,所以我有JJ
缺什么条件? 所有男的都有JJ

注意在填补gap的时候,一定是前提和结论中出现的“公共元素”是不出现的,而剩下的两个“非公共元素”一定同时出现在linking section里,一定做主语一个做宾语。一定是前提中的范围在比中项(linking section)中的要大。如上题例子:“我”和“所有男的”,哪个范围大?当然是“所有男的”范围大。这样才能保证“我”作为“所有男的”的一个子集,而必然拥有“所有男的”都有的属性。

如果用刻画的方式表达就更容易了: all A is B, so all A is C
前提: A--->B
结论:A--->C

我们需要的gap一定是B--->C,这样A--->B--->C就可以推出A--->C

B--->C变成描述性语言就是All B is C

或者用韦氏图表达ABC的关系也可以,画三个圈比大小就好了。

回到这题,China是close system的一个子集,china必然是 factional political system的一个子集。close system与factional political system的关系一定是close system是factional political system的一个子集。

所以,这题选C

B和C的差别就是谁是谁的子集的关系。
所有两条腿的都是人 (鸡表示不服)

所有人都是两条腿的 (宇宙真理啊!)
意思差距大了
发表于 2015-10-25 15:22:27 | 显示全部楼层
alzn2765 发表于 2015-10-24 21:29
小白鼠值得得到更多,我给你解释详细一点儿。

果因推理找削弱

详细清楚,楼主赞!
发表于 2015-10-26 09:08:07 | 显示全部楼层
alzn2765 发表于 2015-10-24 22:57
Bible有一章叫Sufficient and Neccessary conditions,你一定要看一下。或者中文MBA逻辑的参考书,随便找 ...

啊~! 好清晰! 谢谢楼主!
发表于 2015-10-30 13:32:44 | 显示全部楼层
The OLEX Petroleum Company has recently determined that it could cut its refining costs by closing its Grenville refinery and consolidating all refining at its Tasberg refinery. Closing the Grenville refinery, however, would mean the immediate loss of about 1,200 jobs in the Grenville area. Eventually the lives of more than 10,000 people would be seriously disrupted. Therefore, OLEX’s decision, announced yesterday, to keep Grenville open shows that at OLEX social concerns sometimes outweigh the desire for higher profits. Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the argument given?
A. The Grenville refinery, although it operates at a higher cost than the Tasberg refinery, has nevertheless been moderately profitable for many years.
B. Even though OLEX could consolidate all its refining at the Tasberg plant, doing so at the Grenville plant would not be feasible.
C. The Tasberg refinery is more favorably situated than the Grenville refinery with respect to the major supply routes for raw petroleum.
D. If the Grenville refinery were ever closed and operations at the Tasberg refinery expanded, job openings at Tasberg would to the extent possible be filled with people formerly employed at Grenville.
E. Closure of the Grenville refinery would mean compliance, at enormous cost, with demanding local codes regulating the cleanup of abandoned industrial sites.

1.求助,纠结于D选项
我认为D 证明了一件事,OLEX 事实上没有social concerns
我是这么说服我自己的,social concern 有或没有,并不能代表social concern 与profit 两者多与少的关系,所以能排除
不知道楼主有没有更好的思路去排除D。

2.另外看到楼主在其他帖里面有提到过,绝对与相对的关系,我还是不太理解,请楼主讲解,如果有类似的题目,那就更好啦。

Thanks in advance.
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