【OG12-(7&8)】GMAT-RC专项资料精炼提升（4）

泾渭不凡

汇总链接（要求详细说明）：
http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_RC/thread-668154-1-1.html
【OG12-(5&6)】GMAT-RC专项资料精炼提升（3）链接：
http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_RC/thread-670169-1-1.html
【OG12-(9&10)】GMAT-RC专项资料精炼提升（5）链接：
http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_RC/thread-671830-1-1.html

OG12-7


 In 1988 services moved ahead of
manufacturing as the main product of the United
States economy. But what is meant by "services"?
Some economists define a service as something
(5)that is produced and consumed simultaneously, for
example, a haircut. The broader, classical definition
is that a service is an intangible something that
cannot be touched or stored. Yet electric utilities
can store energy, and computer programmers
(10) save information electronically. Thus, the classical
definition is hard to sustain.
           The United States government's definition is
more practical: services are the residual category
that includes everything that is not agriculture or
(15) industry. Under this definition, services includes
activities as diverse as engineering and driving a
bus. However, besides lacking a strong conceptual
framework, this definition fails to recognize the
distinction between service industries and service
(20) occupations. It categorizes workers based on their
company's final product rather than on the actual
work the employees perform. Thus, the many
service workers employed by manufacturers—
bookkeepers or janitors, for example—would
(25) fall under the industrial rather than the services
category. Such ambiguities reveal the arbitrariness
of this definition and suggest that, although
practical for government purposes, it does not
accurately reflect the composition of the current
(30) United States economy.

泾渭不凡

Questions 31-35 refer to the passage on page 372.
31.The author of the passage is primarily concerned with
(A)discussing research data underlying several
definitions
(B)arguing for the adoption of a particular definition
(C)exploring definitions of a concept
(D)comparing the advantages of several definitions
(E)clarifying some ambiguous definitions
Main idea
The author's primary concern is found by
considering the passage as a whole. In the first
paragraph, the author raises the central question
regarding the meaning of services and then
examines two definitions. The second paragraph
analyzes the United States government's
definition of services in more detail. The author is
primarily interested in exploring different
definitions of services.
ANo research data are presented.
BThe author points out the weakness of
several definitions rather than giving reasons
to adopt a particular one.
CCorrect. The author considers several
definitions of services.
DThe author largely analyzes the
disadvantages of the definitions.
EThe author points out problems in the
definitions rather than providing
clarifications of the definitions themselves.
32.In comparing the United States government's definition
of services with the classical definition, the author
suggests that the classical definition is
(A)more pragmatic
(B)more difficult to apply
(0less ambiguous
(D)more widely used
(E)more arbitrary
Inference
This question asks the reader to find information
that is suggested but not directly stated in the
passage. The author discusses the classical
definition at the end of the first paragraph,
pointing out two examples in which it does not
apply and concluding that this definition is hard to
sustain. By comparison, the government's
definition is more practical because it is easy to
apply; everything that is not agriculture or
industry is defined as a service. An examination
of the analysis of both definitions reveals that,
according to the author, the classical definition is
harder to apply.
AThe author describes the United States
government's definition as more practical or
pragmatic.
BCorrect. Citing two cases in which the
classical definition does not apply, the
author implies that this definition is harder
to apply than the government's.
CAlthough the United States government's
definition is said to lead to ambiguities, the
examples given to suggest difficulties with
the classical definition indicate that it may
be at least as ambiguous.
DThe author does not say that the classical
definition is more widely used.
EThe author calls the government's definition
arbitrary.
The correct answer is B.

33.The passage suggests which of the following about
service workers in the United States?
(A)The number of service workers may be
underestimated by the definition of services
used by the government.
(B)There were fewer service workers than
agricultural workers before 1988。
(C)The number of service workers was almost
equal to the number of workers employed in
manufacturing until 1988.
(D)Most service workers are employed in service
occupations rather than in service industries.
(E)Most service workers are employed in
occupations where they provide services that do
not fall under the classical definition of services.
Inference
The question's use of the word suggests means that
the answer depends on making an inference.
According to the author, one of the failures of the
government's definition of services is that the
many service workers employed by manufacturers—
bookkeepers or janitors, for example—wouldfall
under the industrial rather than the services category
(lines 22-26). This example shows that the
number of service workers is likely to be
underestimated.
ACorrect. Because some service workers are
included in the industrial category, it is
possible that the total number of service
workers may be underestimated.
BThe passage does not provide the
information to support this statement.
CThe author says that services moved ahead
of manufacturing as the main product in
1988 but does not discuss the number of
workers in either area.
DThe passage does not provide the
information to support this statement.
EThe passage does not provide the
information to support this statement.
The correct answer is A.

34.The author of the passage mentions which of the
following as one disadvantage of the United States
government's definition of services?
(A)It is less useful than the other definitions
mentioned in the passage.
(B)It is narrower in scope than the other definitions
mentioned in the passage.
(0It is based on the final product produced rather
than on the type of work performed.
(D)It does not recognize the diversity of
occupations within the service industries.
(E)It misclassifies many workers who are employed
in service industries.
Supporting ideas
This question is based on specific information
explicitly stated in the passage. According to the
author, the government's definition fails because it
categorizes workers based on their company'sfinal
product rather than on the actual work the employees
perform (lines 20-22).
AThe author calls this definition practicalfor
government purposes, so for the government it
is more useful than other definitions.
BThe definition includes everything that is not
agriculture or industry, while the classical
definition does not include occupations that
are clearly services; the government's
definition is thus not narrower.
CCorrect. Workers are categorized by the
final product of their company rather than
by the type of work they perform at that
company.
DDiversity of occupations within the service
industries is not discussed.
EThe definition misclassifies service workers
employed in manufacturing, not service
industries.
Hie correct answer is C.35.The author refers to "service workers employed by
manufacturers" (line 23) primarily in order to point out
(A)a type of worker not covered by the United
States government's system of classifying
occupations
(B)a flaw in the United States government's
definition of services
(C)a factor that has influenced the growth of the
service economy in the United States
(D)a type of worker who is classified on the basis of
work performed rather than on the basis of the
company's final product
(E)the diversity of the workers who are referred to
as service workers
Logical structure
The author discusses the many service workers
employed by manufacturers to illustrate the failure
of the government's definition to distinguish
between service industries and service
occupations. The resulting ambiguities, in the
author's view, reveal the arbitrariness of the
definition and its inaccuracy in reflecting the
composition of the economy.
AThe worker is covered but misclassified.
BCorrect. The author uses this example to
point out a serious shortcoming in the
government's definition.
CThe author mentions the growth of services
at the beginning of the passage but does not
explore the reasons for it.
DThe situation of service workers employed by
manufacturers is just the reverse; they are
categorized by the company's final product,
not by the work they do.
EThe author had earlier cited and illustrated
the diversity of service activities that are
included in the government's residual
category of services; the focus here is instead
the arbitrariness and inaccuracy, in the
author's view, of the government's definition.
The correct answer is B.

35.The author refers to "service workers employed by
manufacturers" (line 23) primarily in order to point out
(A)a type of worker not covered by the United
States government's system of classifying
occupations
(B)a flaw in the United States government's
definition of services
(C)a factor that has influenced the growth of the
service economy in the United States
(D)a type of worker who is classified on the basis of
work performed rather than on the basis of the
company's final product
(E)the diversity of the workers who are referred to
as service workers
Logical structure
The author discusses the many service workers
employed by manufacturers to illustrate the failure
of the government's definition to distinguish
between service industries and service
occupations. The resulting ambiguities, in the
author's view, reveal the arbitrariness of the
definition and its inaccuracy in reflecting the
composition of the economy.
AThe worker is covered but misclassified.
BCorrect. The author uses this example to
point out a serious shortcoming in the
government's definition.
CThe author mentions the growth of services
at the beginning of the passage but does not
explore the reasons for it.
DThe situation of service workers employed by
manufacturers is just the reverse; they are
categorized by the company's final product,
not by the work they do.
EThe author had earlier cited and illustrated
the diversity of service activities that are
included in the government's residual
category of services; the focus here is instead
the arbitrariness and inaccuracy, in the
author's view, of the government's definition.
The correct answer is B.

泾渭不凡

OG12-8


       Current feminist theory, in validating women's own
stories of their experience, has encouraged scholars
of women's history to view the use of women's oral
narratives as the methodology, next to the use of
(5)women's written autobiography, that brings historians
closest to the "reality" of women's lives. Such
narratives, unlike most standard histories, represent
experience from the perspective of women, affirm
the importance of women's contributions, and furnish
(10) present-day women with historical continuity that is
essential to their identity, individually and collectively.
         Scholars of women's history should, however, be
as cautious about accepting oral narratives at face
value as they already are about written memories.
(15) Oral narratives are no more likely than are written
narratives to provide a disinterested commentary on
events or people. Moreover, the stories people tell to
explain themselves are shaped by narrative devices
and storytelling conventions, as well as by other
(20) cultural and historical factors, in ways that the
storytellers may be unaware of. The political rhetoric
of a particular era, for example, may influence
women's interpretations of the significance of their
experience. Thus a woman who views the Second
(25) World War as pivotal in increasing the social
acceptance of women's paid work outside the home
may reach that conclusion partly and unwittingly
because of wartime rhetoric encouraging a positive
view of women's participation in such work.

泾渭不凡

36.The passage is primarily concerned with
(A)contrasting the benefits of one methodology
with the benefits of another
(B)describing the historical origins and inherent
drawbacks of a particular methodology
(C)discussing the appeal of a particular
methodology and some concerns about its use
(D)showing that some historians' adoption of a
particular methodology has led to criticism of
recent historical scholarship
(E)analyzing the influence of current feminist views
on women's interpretations of their experience
Main idea
This question asks for an abstract view of what
the passage as a whole is primarily doing. The
passage introduces a particular methodology that
scholars of women's history have been encouraged
to employ, explaining why the use of the
methodology is supported. The passage then goes
on to raise some concerns about the use of the
methodology and cites one example in which
caution is needed.
AThe passage is primarily concerned with
only one methodology.
BThe passage mentions why the methodology
had been encouraged but does not give the
history of its origins; while it cautions
historians to employ the methodology
carefully, it is not concerned with drawbacks
of its proper use.
CCorrect. The passage discusses why the use
of a methodology is being encouraged and
then offers some concerns about its use.
DThe passage does not discuss any criticism of
recent scholarship in women's history.
EThere is no mention in the passage that
feminist theory is influencing how women
in general think about their experiences.
The correct answer is C.
37.According to the passage, which of the following
shapes the oral narratives of women storytellers?
(A)The conventions for standard histories in the
culture in which a woman storyteller lives
(B)The conventions of storytelling in the culture in
which a woman storyteller lives
(0A woman storyteller's experience with distinctive
traditions of storytelling developed by the
women in her family of origin
(D)The cultural expectations and experiences of
those who listen to oral narratives
(E)A woman storyteller's familiarity with the stories
that members of other groups in her culture tell
to explain themselves
Supporting ideas
This question asks for an identification of specific
information provided by the passage. In the
second paragraph, the passage describes certain
concerns about using oral narratives. One of these
concerns is that the stories people tell to explain
themselves are shaped by... storytelling conventions
(lines 17-19) and other influences tied to the
teller's cultural and historical context.
A The passage uses standard histories (line 7) to
refer to the usual work of scholars and not to
something that influences oral narratives.
BCorrect. The passage raises as a concern
that oral narratives may be influenced by
storytelling conventions present in the
culture of the speaker.
C The passage does not mention the family of
origin of women storytellers.
DThe passage does not mention the
expectations of the listeners of oral
narratives.
EThe passage does not discuss women
storytellers' familiarity with the oral
narratives belonging to other groups of
women.
The correct answer is B.

38.The author of the passage would be most likely to
make which of the following recommendations to
scholars of women's history?
(A)They should take into account their own life
experiences when interpreting the oral accounts
of women's historical experiences.
(B)They should assume that the observations made
in women's oral narratives are believed by the
intended audience of the story.
(C)They should treat skeptically observations
reported in oral narratives unless the
observations can be confirmed in standard
histories.
(D)They should consider the cultural and historical
context in which an oral narrative was created
before arriving at an interpretation of such a
narrative.
(E)They should rely on information gathered from
oral narratives only when equivalent information
is not available in standard histories.
Application
Answering this question involves recognizing
what the author believes about oral narratives and
then applying this belief to a hypothetical
situation in which the author makes
recommendations to scholars of women's history.
While acknowledging the appeal of oral
narratives to these scholars, in the second
paragraph the author urges caution when using
these narratives as sources of disinterested
commentary (line 16). The passage then states that
people's oral narratives are shaped by cultural and
historicalfactors (line 20), which presumably relate
to the cultural and historical context within
which the narratives are spoken.
AThe passage does not mention the personal
life experiences of scholars.
BThe passage does not mention the intended
audiences of oral narratives.
CThe passage mentions standard histories
(line 7) only as a reference to scholarly works
that often have shortcomings.
DCorrect. The passage cautions that oral
narratives may be biased due to cultural and
historical factors, and it is therefore
reasonable to suppose that the author would
recommend that scholars consider this when
using such information.
E The passage does not refer to oral narratives
as being valuable only for filling a gap in the
available historical record.
The correct answer is D.

39.Which of the following best describes the function of
the last sentence of the passage?
(A)It describes an event that historians view as
crucial in recent women's history.
(B)It provides an example of how political rhetoric
may influence the interpretations of experience
reported in women's oral narratives.
(0It provides an example of an oral narrative that
inaccurately describes women's experience
during a particular historical period.
(D)It illustrates the point that some women are
more aware than others of the social forces that
shape their oral narratives.
(E)It identifies the historical conditions that led to
the social acceptance of women's paid work
outside the home.
Evaluation
This question requires recognizing how a
particular part of the passage is related to the
overall reasoning in the passage. The first
paragraph introduces a methodology and
describes the methodology's appeal. The second
paragraph then raises concerns about the use of
the methodology, drawing attention to the
cultural and historical bias that may be present in
oral narratives. In line 21, the passage refers
specifically to the influence political rhetoric may
have on a woman's understanding of her
experience. In the final sentence, the passage
provides a specific hypothetical example of a
woman at the time of the Second World War to
illustrate this concern.
AThe last sentence employs a hypothetical
example and does not describe a particular
event as being important to historians.
BCorrect. After contending that political
rhetoric may influence oral narratives, the
passage uses the example of the Second
World War in the final sentence to support
this claim.
CThe last sentence does not provide a
particular example of an oral narrative.
DThe passage does not claim that some
women are more aware than others of the
social forces that may bear on them.
EThe passage does not claim that social
conditions during the Second World War
led to acceptance of women in the
workplace.
The correct answer is B.
40.According to the passage, scholars of women's history
should refrain from doing which of the following?
(A)Relying on traditional historical sources when
women's oral narratives are unavailable
(B)Focusing on the influence of political rhetoric on
women's perceptions to the exclusion of other
equally important factors
(C)Attempting to discover the cultural and historical
factors that influence the stories women tell
(D)Assuming that the conventions of women's
written autobiographies are similar to the
conventions of women's oral narratives
(E)Accepting women's oral narratives less critically
than they accept women's written histories
Inference
Answering this question requires recognizing
which option is directly inferable from
information in the passage. After describing in
the first paragraph why oral narratives are
appealing to historians, the passage begins the
second paragraph by imploring scholars of
women's history to be as cautious about accepting
oral narratives... as ... written memories (lines
12-14). The passage then goes on to describe
potential bias in oral narratives, suggesting that
scholars should be as critical of them as they are
of written sources.
AThe passage does not claim that traditional
historical sources should be avoided by
scholars.
BThe passage mentions the influence of
political rhetoric merely as one example of
potential bias.
CThe passage suggests that scholars should
attempt to be aware of cultural and
historical factors.
DThe passage does not discuss the
conventions of women's written
autobiographies.
ECorrect. The passage implies that written
histories and oral narratives should receive
the same level of critical scrutiny by
scholars.
The correct answer is E.

41.According to the passage, each of the following is a
difference between women's oral narratives and most
standard histories EXCEPT:
(A)Women's oral histories validate the significance
of women's achievements.
(B)Women's oral histories depict experience from
the point of view of women.
(C)Women's oral histories acknowledge the
influence of well-known women.
(D)Women's oral histories present today's women
with a sense of their historical relationship to
women of the past.
(E)Women's oral histories are crucial to the
collective identity of today's women.
Supporting ideas
This question asks for information that is stated in
the passage, and it requires a process of
elimination. In line 7, oral narratives are
presented as being unlike most standard histories,
and the passage then goes on in lines 7-11 to list
characteristics of oral histories that most standard
histories do not have. The answer to this question
will therefore contain a characteristic of women's
oral histories that is not described in lines 7-11.
AThe passage states that, unlike most
standard histories, women's oral histories
affirm the importance of women's contributions
(lines 8-9).
BThe passage states that, unlike most
standard histories, women's oral histories
represent experiencefrom the perspective of
women (lines 7-8)。
CCorrect. The passage does not mention the
influence of well-known women on women's
oral histories.
DThe passage states that, unlike most
standard histories, women's oral histories
furnish present-day women with historical
continuity (lines 9-10).
EThe passage states that, unlike most
standard histories, women's oral histories
furnish a historical sense that is essential to
their identity, individually and collectively
(line 11).
The correct answer is C.

泾渭不凡

OG12-7

一、回忆
      第三产业超过第二产业成为美国经济新支柱。
      问服务产业定义？
      经济学家定义--作者持否定态度。
      服务产业定义困难。
      美国政府对其定义-作者态度+：更加实用。（第三产业就是除了第一产业和第二产业的其余经济活动。~）
      对政府定义，作者也进行批评：一本分本应该划分到第三产业的工作被遗失。作者举例。
      政府定义还是没有很好体现现有美国经济构成。

二、文章类型和结构
     （一）文章类型：问题解决型（但有人将其划分到新老观点对比型）
               划分依据：文章起始部分出现问题“？”
      （二）文章结构：1、提出问题-服务产业定义：由美国现存现象引出。
                                  2、解决一：经济学家们的定义-批判。
                                  3、解决二：美国政府定义-作者有正面态度，但是仍批判其不足。

三、prephase-出题点
      （一）作者态度：注意对政府定义的态度应该政府态度都应有阐述。
      （二）文章结构：论述结构。
      （三）对政府定义的缺失对现有美国经济诠释不足之处对现实经济预测以及政策制定的不良影响。

泾渭不凡

OG12-8

一、回忆
      当今“男女平等理论”（这个定义实在不知道专业名词是什么，只能直译了）应用方法论：口述，仅次于文字自传。
      小对比-口述方法&文字自传：讲述口述方法，记住名词（并列若干特点）。
      转折，口述材料使用要谨慎。一下讲述原因。
      口述材料不够中性，带有主观感情色彩，受文化等软性因素影响。
      强调特殊时期的政治影响。举例二战。

二、文章类型及结构
     （一）文章类型：新旧对比（两种方法对比，此处细究口述方法，口述方法为后出现的新方法。）
     （二）文章结构：1、新方法提出
                                 2、新方法特点阐述：与文字方法对比。
                                 3、口述材料使用局限性阐述并关注使用注意事项，伴随示例。

三、prephase-考点
    （一）并列结构列举题（可能出except题型）：首段后半部分的口述描述特点阐述。
    （二）假设取非逻辑后果推断：口述方法局限性决定使用过程中应该注意事项。
    （三）对比题型必出：两种方法。
    （四）政治案例提出的目的：in order to题型。解题点是逻辑上一层含义。

h14zpsn

虽然没时间更新，但是来给饭饭撑场纸了~~~

泾渭不凡

虽然没时间更新，但是来给饭饭撑场纸了~~~-- by 会员 h14zpsn (2012/2/27 9:27:06)

冰冻快点考完试哇~~~饭饭这里等着哇~~~

erok

[attachimg]96898[/attachimg][attachimg]96899[/attachimg]

Suri在奋斗

顶顶~~！！！