【每日逻辑练习第二季】【2-8】

Elisha728

bananazoo 发表于 2011-12-16 23:45
逻辑链答案：C A E B 精练解析：The structure of the argument isremise: Maria won this year’s local ...

38 Offshore oil-drilling operations entail an unavoidable risk of an oil spill, but importing oil on tankers presently entails an even greater such risk per barrel of oil.  Therefore, if we are to reduce the risk of an oil spill without curtailing our use of oil, we must invest more in offshore operations and import less oil on tankers.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?
(A) Tankers can easily be redesigned so that their use entails less risk of an oil spill.-correct answer, the risk from tanker is reduced, thus the argument is weakened.
(B) Oil spills caused by tankers have generally been more serious than those caused by offshore operations. Already mentioned in the passage
(C) The impact of offshore operations on the environment can be controlled by careful management. Impact is out of scope
(D) Offshore operations usually damage the ocean floor, but tankers rarely cause such damage. irrelevant
(E) Importing oil on tankers is currently less expensive than drilling for it offshore. The arguments is mainly about reducing the risk of oil-spill, it is not about money.

Analysis:
premise: oild drilling has oil spill, but import oil tanker may spill more oil
conclusion: to reduce risk, more oil-drilling, less tanker.
Because tanker may spill more oil than oil-drilling, so, more investment on oil-drilling, and less tanker.
What if tanker’s risk can be easily reduced? If the risk of tanker is questioned, then the argument is weakened.

lyrsilvia

C CAEB
1. 20'
P: Maria won this year’s local sailboat race by beating Sue,the winner in each of the four previous years.
C: Maria trained hard
ASSUMPTION: S did not fail for other reason
答案:C
(A) Sue did not train as hard as Maria trained.--------what S train is irrelevant
(B) If Maria trained hard, she would win the sailboat race.---------not good as C
(C) Maria could beat a four-time winner only if she trained hard.---------CORRECT.
(D) If Sue trained hard, she would win the sailboat race.----------what about S is not the case
(E) Sue is usually a faster sailboat racer than Maria.--------------irrelevant. nothing about the training

2. 23'
BG: The use of radar detectors in commercial vehicles was banned because commercial truck and bus drivers were using these devices to drive faster than the posted speed limit without fear of arrest.
P: drivers of noncommercial vehicles also use radar detectors and since speeding decreases safety for any vehicle
C: use of radar detectors should also be banned in noncommercial vehicles to increase safety
SUPPORT: the ban will reduce speed
答案：C
(A) The average noncommercial-vehicle driver is involved in less long-distance driving than is the average commercial-vehicle driver.-------------distance has nothing to do with safety
(B) In many places airplanes or helicopters are used rather than radar to locate vehicles traveling faster than the posted speed limit.-------------how to locate vehicles do no affect
(C) The ban on radar detectors in commercial vehicles has been effective in deterring them from speeding.------------CORRECT. clearly suggest the ban will be effective
(D) Traffic accidents involving a truck or bus generally pose a greater threat of injury or death than do other accidents.------------accidents of trucks or bus is not discussed
(E) Radar detectors are sometimes set off by devices other than the law enforcement devices that the radar detectors were built to detect.--------irrelevant information. nothing about the noncommercial vehicles

3. 15'
P: Offshore oil-drilling operations entail an unavoidable risk of an oil spill, but importing oil on tankers presently entails an even greater such risk per barrel of oil.
C: to reduce the risk of an oil spill without curtailing our use of oil, we must invest more in offshore operations and import less oil on tankers.
WEAKEN: tankers are easier to control
答案：A
(A) Tankers can easily be redesigned so that their use entails less risk of an oil spill.---------CORRECT. clearly state that redesigned can reduce
(B) Oil spills caused by tankers have generally been more serious than those caused by offshore operations.-------------support.
(C) The impact of offshore operations on the environment can be controlled by careful management.--------------also support
(D) Offshore operations usually damage the ocean floor, but tankers rarely cause such damage.-------------------tankers will cause oil spill. different problem does not mean who is better who is worse
(E) Importing oil on tankers is currently less expensive than drilling for it offshore.-------------cost is not the problem

4. 23'
P: Those small domestic mills will take more business from the big American steel mills than would have been taken by the foreign steel mills in the absence of quotas.
C: The imposition of quotas limiting imported steel will not help the big American steel mills
DOUBT: something that small company cannot compete with big company
答案：E
(A) Quality rather than price is a major factor in determining the type of steel to be used for a particular application.------------what's the major factor in determine the type of steel is not discussed
(B) Foreign steel mills have long produced grades of steel comparable in quality to the steel produced by the big American mills.--------------the quality between foreign and big American mills means nothing
(C) American quotas on imported goods have often induced other countries to impose similar quotas on American goods.--------------other countries' doing does not matter anything
(D) Domestic "mini-mills" consistently produce better grades of steel than do the big American mills.-------------slightly support not doubt
(E) Domestic "mini-mills" produce low-volume, specialized types of steel that are not produced by the big American steel mills.------------CORRECT. clearly states that these two kinds of companies produce different product. the grow of mini-mills will not significantly influence the big company

5. 21'
P: only three percent of drivers on Maryland highways equipped their vehicles with radar detectors, thirty-three percent of all vehicles ticketed for exceeding the speed limit were equipped with them.
C: drivers who equip their vehicles with radar detectors are more likely to exceed the speed limit regularly than are drivers who do not.
ASSUMPTION:
答案：B
(A) Drivers who equip their vehicles with radar detectors are less likely to be ticketed for exceeding the speed limit than are drivers who do not.-----------violate the premise
(B) Drivers who are ticketed for exceeding the speed limit are more likely to exceed the speed limit regularly than are drivers who are not ticketed.----------CORRECT. link the exceed and the regular ticketed
(C) The number of vehicles that were ticketed for exceeding the speed limit was greater than the number of vehicles that were equipped with radar detectors.--------------the comparison between number is not discussed
(D) Many of the vehicles that were ticketed for exceeding the speed limit were ticketed more than once in the time period covered by the report.--------------many is too vague to be justified
(E) Drivers on Maryland highways exceeded the speed limit more often than did drivers on other state highways not covered in the report.-----------other highways is irrelevant

艾筱豆

1C
2A
3D 1’58’’
4E
5D1’10’’

jessie92730

【offer大冒险】2-8
精练
BG: Maria won Sue
P: ?
C: Marian trained hard
前提假设
猜测答案：Sue正常发挥没有失误
答案：C

逻辑链：
CAEB

w.melhere

觉得现在遇到的题越来越多是见过的啦。
1. 54'
2. 1'36
3. 1'50
4.1'52
5.1'37 这个错啦。
分析： B 假设：超速的更易被贴
         题目：被贴中的很多是E
         结论：E容易超速

苏错

11.28
【精练】
permise:M beat S
conclusion: M trained hard
assumption?

win=train hard 因果类型

A.not assumption
B.irrelevant
C.correct (only if introduces a necessary condition)
D.not assumption
E.irrelevant

【逻辑链】
1.because commerical truck and bus drivers were
use...faster  , was banned
noncommercial vehicles also use  so should also
be banned
support--C

2.import oil ( greater risk)
withou cutting use of oil  must invest more in offshore operation
weaken  greater risk --A

3.quotas help mini-mills flourish
weaken --B (E 原文是指will take more business,
此处表明国内小钢铁厂生产的产品和大钢铁厂的产品根本都不一样，所以不存在小公司在大公司那里得到业务)

4.33% vehicles ticketed for exceeding the speed
limit were equipped with radar detectors.
facts-conclusion
assumption--B

irenetopia

< Justify >
1. Maria won this year’s local sailboat race by beating
Sue, the winner in each of the four previous years. We
can conclude from this that Maria trained hard.
The conclusion follows logically if which one of the
following is assumed?
Logic: Maria won Sue this year.
She must train hard
取非削弱

(A) Sue did not train as hard as Maria trained.
(B) If Maria trained hard, she would win the
sailboat race.
(C) Maria could beat a four-time winner only if she
trained hard.——bingo！
(D) If Sue trained hard, she would win the sailboat
race.
(E) Sue is usually a faster sailboat racer than Maria.


【逻辑链】
37.
The use of radar detectors in commercial vehicles was banned because commercial truck and bus drivers were using these devices to drive faster than the posted speed limit without fear of arrest.  Since drivers of noncommercial vehicles also use radar detectors and since speeding decreases safety for any vehicle, use of radar detectors should also be banned in noncommercial vehicles to increase safety.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the argument above?
Logic：ban radar on CV to limit CV speed faster(dangerous)
N-CV also has radar and speed faster, so should also be banned
感觉像是对比，strength就是让两个差距更小
(A) The average noncommercial-vehicle driver is involved in less long-distance driving than is the average commercial-vehicle driver.——weaken
(B) In many places airplanes or helicopters are used rather than radar to locate vehicles traveling faster than the posted speed limit.——irrelevant
(C) The ban on radar detectors in commercial vehicles has been effective in deterring them from speeding.——bingo
(D) Traffic accidents involving a truck or bus generally pose a greater threat of injury or death than do other accidents.——irrelevant
(E) Radar detectors are sometimes set off by devices other than the law enforcement devices that the radar detectors were built to detect.——irrelevant



38.
Offshore oil-drilling operations entail an unavoidable risk of an oil spill, but importing oil on tankers presently entails an even greater such risk per barrel of oil.  Therefore, if we are to reduce the risk of an oil spill without curtailing our use of oil, we must invest more in offshore operations and import less oil on tankers.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?
Logic： OO is damage                                  tank oil is more damage

In order to               reduce damage without reducing use

We should   up OO                                     down tank

问weaken

(A)        Tankers can easily be redesigned so that their use entails less risk of an oil spill.——weaken
(B) Oil spills caused by tankers have generally been more serious than those caused by offshore operations.——support
(C) The impact of offshore operations on the environment can be controlled by careful management.——irrelevant
(D) Offshore operations usually damage the ocean floor, but tankers rarely cause such damage.——shell game。We talk about the spill.
(E) Importing oil on tankers is currently less expensive than drilling for it offshore.——irrelevant

39.
The imposition of quotas limiting imported steel will not help the big American steel mills.  In fact, the quotas will help "mini-mills" flourish in the United States.  Those small domestic mills will take more business from the big American steel mills than would have been taken by the foreign steel mills in the absence of quotas.
Which of the following, if true, would cast the most serious doubt on the claim made in the last sentence above?
Logic：quotas not help the big mills but help small mills
So small mills will take more business than the big mills
Weaken
Find “not take more” reason
(A) Quality rather than price is a major factor in determining the type of steel to be used for a particular application.——irrelevant
(B) Foreign steel mills have long produced grades of steel comparable in quality to the steel produced by the big American mills.——shell game. focus on different mills
(C) American quotas on imported goods have often induced other countries to impose similar quotas on American goods.——irrelevant
(D) Domestic "mini-mills" consistently produce better grades of steel than do the big American mills.——irrelevant
(E) Domestic "mini-mills" produce low-volume, specialized types of steel that are not produced by the big American steel mills.——bingo！

40.
A recent report determined that although only three percent of drivers on Maryland highways equipped their vehicles with radar detectors, thirty-three percent of all vehicles ticketed for exceeding the speed limit were equipped with them.  Clearly, drivers who equip their vehicles with radar detectors are more likely to exceed the speed limit regularly than are drivers who do not.
The conclusion drawn above depends on which of the following assumptions?
Logic：3%drivers on the high way has radar
33%ticket exceed speed drivers equip radar
So driver has radar more likely to exceed speed.
Strength

(A) Drivers who equip their vehicles with radar detectors are less likely to be ticketed for exceeding the speed limit than are drivers who do not.——irrelevant
(B) Drivers who are ticketed for exceeding the speed limit are more likely to exceed the speed limit regularly than are drivers who are not ticketed.——bingo！扩大了sample的代表性
(C) The number of vehicles that were ticketed for exceeding the speed limit was greater than the number of vehicles that were equipped with radar detectors.——irrelevant
(D) Many of the vehicles that were ticketed for exceeding the speed limit were ticketed more than once in the time period covered by the report.——weaken
(E) Drivers on Maryland highways exceeded the speed limit more often than did drivers on other state highways not covered in the report.——irrelevant

cyndichiang

精炼：22''
premise: M beats the winner
conclusion: M trained hard
Q:Assumption
prephrase: 果推因 P-->C C是P的必要条件，也就是没有C，P就不会发生
(A) Sue did not train as hard as Maria trained.---------irrelevant; 假设和结论的主体都是M，所以说S不能弥补GAP
(B) If Maria trained hard, she would win the
sailboat race.------------------reverse; this statement restates the Formula; trained hard--->win 只要win那么一定trained hard正好相反，win--->trained hard只要trained hard那么win,所以这个选项将必要条件弄反了
(C) Maria could beat a four-time winner only if she
trained hard.---------------------Correct; 只要trained hard那么win，正好符合formula; win-->trained hard
(D) If Sue trained hard, she would win the sailboat
race.----------------combination of the following two elements,M win & if trained hard, she would win---->it is possible that she would win without training hard; 感觉这个和B 相似啊，说反了
(E) Sue is usually a faster sailboat racer than Maria.-----------this statement tries to refute the premise;Because this answer addresses only the relative speed of the two racers, it fails to help prove that Maria trained hard. 这个选项没提trained hard 的事，无关
“only if” introduces a necessary condition

cyndichiang

逻辑链：
1.36‘’
premise: The use of radar detectors  in commercial vehicles lead to drive faster thus are banned
conclusion: the noncommercial vehicles with these radar should be banned
Q:support
prephrase: noncommercial vehicles with radar drive faster than commercial ones do

2. 32''
premise: importing oil on tankers entails an even greater of oil split than offshore oil-drilling operations do
conclusion:we must invest more in offshore operations and import less oil on tankers.
Q:weaken
prephrase:

3.premise:small mills will take more business from the big mills than would have been taken by the foreign steel mills 这句话不懂啊in the absence of quotas.
conclusion:quota helps small mills but does not help big mill
Q:weaken
小企业从大企业那接的生意多于外国企业从小企业那接得生意？-->weaken这句话？
prephrase:说两者没关系啊。。感觉两者也没啥关系啊。。- -

4. 21‘’
premise:3% are equipped with radar
premise:33% all vehicles ticketed for exceeding the speed limit were equipped with them
conclusion: drivers who equip with radar are more likely to exceed the speed limit
Q:assumption:
prephrase: 有gap: 33% ticketed --> radar ===>radar--->more likely exceed
啊。！这是不是著名的三段论，每个都要出现两次，选项应该同时说道ticketed and more likely exceed

Lincy123

P：M赢了四连冠S

C：M训练努力

Assumption：可能是S不努力

A） S没有M努力。Weaken

B） 如果M努力了，他就会赢。取非，如果M努力了他就不会赢。待定

C） M只有在训练努力的情况下才能赢四连冠。取非，M不是只有训练努力才能赢S。待定 correct

D）如果S训练努力就会赢，无关

E） S通常比M快，无关

  

P：禁止非营业车辆使用雷达监测器

C：提高安全

Strengthen

A） 非营业车辆司机比营业车辆的涉及更短距离驾驶。无关

B） 很多地方用飞机而不是雷达来定位超速车辆。无关

C） 禁用雷达探测器在防止商业车辆超速上很有效。Correct

D）卡车或公交车的交通事故通常比其他事故的死伤率高，无关

E） 雷达探测器有时候是用来测法律设备之外的机器的，无关

  

P：为了减少原油泄漏的同时不减少原油使用

C：一定要投资更多的近岸建设并且进口更少tanker油

Weaken

A） tanker可以改造减少泄漏风险correct

B） tanker的泄漏比建设的泄漏更严重。Strengthen

C） 近岸环境建设可以通过谨慎管理控制

D）近岸建设通常会破坏海层，但tanker很少破坏

E） 用tanker现在更便宜

  

最后一句：国内的小工厂会比外国工厂拿到更多的国内大工厂的订单

Weaken：

A） 质量比价格因素更能决定特定的类型钢材应用。无关

B） 国外钢铁厂和国内大厂生产的质量差不多

C） 美国进口的商品份额通常减少了其他国家进口美国产品的份额。无关

D）国内小工厂持续生产比大工厂等级高的铁

E） 国内小工厂生产小量、特定种类的铁，大工厂不能生产。Correct

  

P：有33%的超速罚单车辆安装了雷达探测器

C：安装雷达探测器的车更有可能超速

Assumption

A） 安装探测器的车更没可能被开超速罚单

B） 被开罚单的司机比别人更有可能超速 weaken（x）correct

这题我理解得太复杂了，觉得每个都错，看到隔壁的解释豁然开朗。

搬运：https://forum.chasedream.com/thread-767626-1-1.html

第一句话是说：所有的车里有3%装雷达，超速被抓（ticketed for exceeding the speed limit ）的人里有33%装雷达 也就是说装雷达的人更容易超速被抓
结论是说 装雷达的人更容易超速  
注意：这里gap就来了， 一个是超速被抓，一个是超速 。这是两个概念
共同元素是装雷达，B 就把超速和超速被抓两者联系起来

C） 没安装的超速车比有安装的更多weaken

D）许多被开超速罚单的车被记录了超过1次。取非 – 1车记1次 weaken

E） 在M城的司机比其他城市的更经常超速。Weaken