【每日逻辑练习第二季】【2-8】

bananazoo

【精练】
< Justify >
1. Maria won this year’s local sailboat race by beating
Sue, the winner in each of the four previous years. We
can conclude from this that Maria trained hard.
The conclusion follows logically if which one of the
following is assumed?
(A) Sue did not train as hard as Maria trained.
(B) If Maria trained hard, she would win the
sailboat race.
(C) Maria could beat a four-time winner only if she
trained hard.
(D) If Sue trained hard, she would win the sailboat
race.
(E) Sue is usually a faster sailboat racer than Maria.


【逻辑链】
37.
The use of radar detectors in commercial vehicles was banned because commercial truck and bus drivers were using these devices to drive faster than the posted speed limit without fear of arrest.  Since drivers of noncommercial vehicles also use radar detectors and since speeding decreases safety for any vehicle, use of radar detectors should also be banned in noncommercial vehicles to increase safety.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the argument above?
(A) The average noncommercial-vehicle driver is involved in less long-distance driving than is the average commercial-vehicle driver.
(B) In many places airplanes or helicopters are used rather than radar to locate vehicles traveling faster than the posted speed limit.
(C) The ban on radar detectors in commercial vehicles has been effective in deterring them from speeding.
(D) Traffic accidents involving a truck or bus generally pose a greater threat of injury or death than do other accidents.
(E) Radar detectors are sometimes set off by devices other than the law enforcement devices that the radar detectors were built to detect.

38.
Offshore oil-drilling operations entail an unavoidable risk of an oil spill, but importing oil on tankers presently entails an even greater such risk per barrel of oil.  Therefore, if we are to reduce the risk of an oil spill without curtailing our use of oil, we must invest more in offshore operations and import less oil on tankers.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?
(A) Tankers can easily be redesigned so that their use entails less risk of an oil spill.
(B) Oil spills caused by tankers have generally been more serious than those caused by offshore operations.
(C) The impact of offshore operations on the environment can be controlled by careful management.
(D) Offshore operations usually damage the ocean floor, but tankers rarely cause such damage.
(E) Importing oil on tankers is currently less expensive than drilling for it offshore.

39.
The imposition of quotas limiting imported steel will not help the big American steel mills.  In fact, the quotas will help "mini-mills" flourish in the United States.  Those small domestic mills will take more business from the big American steel mills than would have been taken by the foreign steel mills in the absence of quotas.
Which of the following, if true, would cast the most serious doubt on the claim made in the last sentence above?
(A) Quality rather than price is a major factor in determining the type of steel to be used for a particular application.
(B) Foreign steel mills have long produced grades of steel comparable in quality to the steel produced by the big American mills.
(C) American quotas on imported goods have often induced other countries to impose similar quotas on American goods.
(D) Domestic "mini-mills" consistently produce better grades of steel than do the big American mills.
(E) Domestic "mini-mills" produce low-volume, specialized types of steel that are not produced by the big American steel mills.

40.
A recent report determined that although only three percent of drivers on Maryland highways equipped their vehicles with radar detectors, thirty-three percent of all vehicles ticketed for exceeding the speed limit were equipped with them.  Clearly, drivers who equip their vehicles with radar detectors are more likely to exceed the speed limit regularly than are drivers who do not.
The conclusion drawn above depends on which of the following assumptions?
(A) Drivers who equip their vehicles with radar detectors are less likely to be ticketed for exceeding the speed limit than are drivers who do not.
(B) Drivers who are ticketed for exceeding the speed limit are more likely to exceed the speed limit regularly than are drivers who are not ticketed.
(C) The number of vehicles that were ticketed for exceeding the speed limit was greater than the number of vehicles that were equipped with radar detectors.
(D) Many of the vehicles that were ticketed for exceeding the speed limit were ticketed more than once in the time period covered by the report.
(E) Drivers on Maryland highways exceeded the speed limit more often than did drivers on other state highways not covered in the report.

bananazoo

逻辑链答案：C A E B
精练解析：
The structure of the argument is:
Premise: Maria won this year’s local sailboat race by beating Sue, the
winner in each of the four previous years.
Conclusion: We can conclude from this that Maria trained hard.
A quick glance at the argument reveals a gap between the premise and
conclusion—winning does not necessarily guarantee that Maria trained hard.
This is the connection we will need to focus on when considering the answer
choices. To further abstract this relationship, we can portray the argument as
follows:
Premise: Maria won (which we could also call “A”)
Conclusion: Maria trained hard (which we could also call “B”)
The answer that will justify this relationship is:
                 A  ----- >  B
Which is the same as:
   Maria won  -----> Maria trained hard
A quick glance at the answer choices reveals that answer choice (C) matches
this relationship (remember, “only if” introduces a necessary condition). Thus,
the structure in this problem matches the first of the two examples discussed on
the previous page. A large number of Justify questions follow this same model,
and you should be prepared to encounter this form.
Answer choice (A): This answer does not justify the conclusion that Maria
trained hard. The answer does justify the conclusion that Maria trained, but
because this is not the same as the conclusion of the argument, this answer is
incorrect.
Another way of attacking this answer is to use the Justify Formula. Consider the
combination of the following two elements:
Premise: Maria won this year’s local sailboat race by beating
Sue, the winner in each of the four previous years.
Answer choice (A): Sue did not train as hard as Maria trained.
Does the combination of the two elements lead to the conclusion that Maria
trained hard? No, and therefore the answer is wrong.
Answer choice (B): This is a Mistaken Reversal of what is needed (and
therefore the Mistaken Reversal of answer choice (C)). Adding this answer to
the premise does not result in the conclusion. In Justify questions featuring
conditionality, always be ready to identify and avoid Mistaken Reversals and
Mistaken Negations of the relationship needed to justify the conclusion.
Answer choice (C): This is the correct answer. Adding this answer to the
premise automatically yields the conclusion.
Answer choice (D): Because we do not know anything about Sue except that
she lost, this answer does not help prove the conclusion.
If you are having difficulty understanding why this answer is incorrect, use the
Justify Formula. Consider the combination of the following two elements:
Premise: Maria won this year’s local sailboat race by beating
Sue, the winner in each of the four previous years.
Answer choice (C): If Sue trained hard, she would win the sailboat race.
The combination of the two creates the contrapositive conclusion that Sue did
not train hard. But, the fact that Sue did not train hard does not tell us anything
about whether Maria trained hard.
Answer choice (E): Because this answer addresses only the relative speed of the
two racers, it fails to help prove that Maria trained hard.

fox0923

bana，我来了~刚做完2-7的，马上过来抢位子~~~
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
精练--------------------------18s-----------------------------conclusion
P: Maria won the racing and beat Sue.
P: She's the winner in each of the 4 previous years.（理解错误，文章是说Sue是前四年的winner，不是Maria)C: So Maria must be trained hard.
Prephrase: People who trained very hard can win the racing.
(这样的话，我的prephrase也错了，应该是Maria can beat 4-year winner if she is trained hard)
               
Analysis:

(A) Sue did not train as hard as Maria trained.==============先定为contender~这个argument的主题不是Sue，而是Maria。
(B) If Maria trained hard, she would win the
sailboat race.==================================this is to restate the conclusion. 我觉得应该是这个选项。
(C) Maria could beat a four-time winner only if she
trained hard.==================================beat a four time winner is not mentioned in the argument. （和我后来想的就吻合了）
(D) If Sue trained hard, she would win the sailboat
race.=======================================这里面不需要假设，而且不是Sue赢了比赛，没有扣住argument
(E) Sue is usually a faster sailboat racer than Maria.
==========================================speed of racing sailboat is not mentioned, and this cannot be concluded from the info. given.


选错了，好久不做conclusion题目了，忘记方法了~
总结:
A quick glance at the argument reveals a gap between the premise and
conclusion—winning does not necessarily guarantee that Maria trained hard.----弥补gap

Answer choice (B): This is a Mistaken Reversal of what is needed (and
therefore the Mistaken Reversal of answer choice (C)). Adding this answer to
the premise does not result in the conclusion. In Justify questions featuring
conditionality, always be ready to identify and avoid Mistaken Reversals and
Mistaken Negations of the relationship needed to justify the conclusion.
应该是Maria won--〉Maria trained hard
而不能反过来讲


Answer choice (D): Because we do not know anything about Sue except that
she lost, this answer does not help prove the conclusion.------文中没有提到就不能随便conclude
If you are having difficulty understanding why this answer is incorrect, use the
Justify Formula. Consider the combination of the following two elements:
Premise: Maria won this year’s local sailboat race by beating
Sue, the winner in each of the four previous years.

bananazoo

狐狐~做一题再睡觉
Background：Sue was win four times in the past four years
P：M won，and beat Sue
C:  M works hard
Guess: Sue works very hard,and only who work hard can win.
Answer: C

zz42050524

2011/12/17 Assumption 26s
M wins the race by beating S who is the winner the previous four years.
We can conclude that M must have been working hard.
Pre: 这是一个有gap的assumption，答案为联系 win the race 和working hard的内容，而且是只有working hard 才能win the race。
(A) Sue did not train as hard as Maria trained.  Irrelevant
(B) If Maria trained hard, she would win the   would只是可能语气，作assumption意思不符
sailboat race.
(C) Maria could beat a four-time winner only if she    The answer
trained hard.
(D) If Sue trained hard, she would win the sailboat    irrelevant
race.
(E) Sue is usually a faster sailboat racer than Maria.  Irrelevant

xeyyxzty

1. P:Maria won this year’s local sailboat race by beating Sue, the winner in each of the four previous years.C: Maria trained hard
Maria was not as good as Sue before
(A) Sue did not train as hard as Maria trained.
--irrelevant
(B) If Maria trained hard, she would win the sailboat race.
--irrelevant
(C) Maria could beat a four-time winner only if she trained hard.
--right
(D) If Sue trained hard, she would win the sailboat race.
--irrelevant
(E) Sue is usually a faster sailboat racer than Maria.
--irrelevant
2.B:The use of radar detectors in commercial vehicles was banned because commercial truck and bus drivers were using these devices to drive faster than the posted speed limit without fear of arrest.  
P:Since drivers of noncommercial vehicles also use radar detectors and since speeding decreases safety for any vehicle,
C:use of radar detectors should also be banned in noncommercial vehicles to increase safety.
more accidents
(A) The average noncommercial-vehicle driver is involved in less long-distance driving than is the average commercial-vehicle driver.
--irrelevant
(B) In many places airplanes or helicopters are used rather than radar to locate vehicles traveling faster than the posted speed limit.
--irrelevant
(C) The ban on radar detectors in commercial vehicles has been effective in deterring them from speeding.
--support--right
(D) Traffic accidents involving a truck or bus generally pose a greater threat of injury or death than do other accidents.
--irrelevant
(E) Radar detectors are sometimes set off by devices other than the law enforcement devices that the radar detectors were built to detect.
--irrelevant
3. B:Offshore oil-drilling operations entail an unavoidable risk of an oil spill, but importing oil on tankers presently entails an even greater such risk per barrel of oil.
P: invest more in offshore operations and import less oil on tankers
C: to reduce the risk of an oil spill without curtailing our use of oil

(A) Tankers can easily be redesigned so that their use entails less risk of an oil spill.
--right
(B) Oil spills caused by tankers have generally been more serious than those caused by offshore operations.
--support
(C) The impact of offshore operations on the environment can be controlled by careful management.
--irrelevant
(D) Offshore operations usually damage the ocean floor, but tankers rarely cause such damage.
--irrelevant
(E) Importing oil on tankers is currently less expensive than drilling for it offshore.
--irrelevant
4.P: Those small domestic mills will take more business from the big American steel mills than would have been taken by the foreign steel mills in the absence of quotas.
C:The imposition of quotas limiting imported steel will not help the big American steel mills.  In fact, the quotas will help "mini-mills" flourish in the United States.
(A) Quality rather than price is a major factor in determining the type of steel to be used for a particular application.
--irrelevant
(B) Foreign steel mills have long produced grades of steel comparable in quality to the steel produced by the big American mills.
(C) American quotas on imported goods have often induced other countries to impose similar quotas on American goods.
--irrelevant
(D) Domestic "mini-mills" consistently produce better grades of steel than do the big American mills.
--irrelevant
(E) Domestic "mini-mills" produce low-volume, specialized types of steel that are not produced by the big American steel mills.
--right
这道题有点犹豫~
5. P：A recent report determined that although only three percent of drivers on Maryland highways equipped their vehicles with radar detectors, thirty-three percent of all vehicles ticketed for exceeding the speed limit were equipped with them.
C：drivers who equip their vehicles with radar detectors are more likely to exceed the speed limit regularly than are drivers who do not.
(A) Drivers who equip their vehicles with radar detectors are less likely to be ticketed for exceeding the speed limit than are drivers who do not.
--irrelevant
(B) Drivers who are ticketed for exceeding the speed limit are more likely to exceed the speed limit regularly than are drivers who are not ticketed.
--right
(C) The number of vehicles that were ticketed for exceeding the speed limit was greater than the number of vehicles that were equipped with radar detectors.
--irrelevant
(D) Many of the vehicles that were ticketed for exceeding the speed limit were ticketed more than once in the time period covered by the report.
--weaken
(E) Drivers on Maryland highways exceeded the speed limit more often than did drivers on other state highways not covered in the report.
--irrelevant

南瓜0729

1.15s
p:M won S
c:M must train hard.
p(assumption)nly did M train hard, M can win the race.
C


37.40s
c


38.10s
A


39.42s
E


40 20s
B


呼呼都对了

风无衣

【精炼2-8】
justify_28s
premise:M beat S in a sailboat race. S was the winner in each of the four previous years
conclusion:M trained hard this year

A) Sue did not train as hard as Maria trained.——has no effect on this issue
(B) If Maria trained hard, she would win the
sailboat race.——如果M训练刻苦，她就可能赢得比赛。现在M赢了，但是不一定能够说明M训练刻苦，有可能是其他原因导致的~
(C) Maria could beat a four-time winner only if she
trained hard.——correct. 只有M训练刻苦，她才能赢一个四年的winner。现在M赢了，说明她刻苦训练了~
(D) If Sue trained hard, she would win the sailboat
race.——has nothing to do with S
(E) Sue is usually a faster sailboat racer than Maria.——has no effect

A quick glance at the answer choices reveals that answer choice (C) matches
this relationship (remember, “only if” introduces a necessary condition).

einslu

1. Assumption
P: Maria beat Sue.  Sue was the winner four previous years
C: Maria trained hard
Prephrase:  Maria   the relationship between “trained hard” and “won”
Answer: C
Analysis:
(A) Sue did not train as hard as Maria trained.-----------this conclusion is about Maria
(B) If Maria trained hard, she would win the
sailboat race.  ----------------- M has already won the game  & pay attention to “would”
(C) Maria could beat a four-time winner only if she
trained hard.------------- correct     pay attention to “ only if”   this choice fill the gap--- “trained hard” and “won”
(D) If Sue trained hard, she would win the sailboat
race.------------------------------ this conclusion is about Maria
(E) Sue is usually a faster sailboat racer than Maria.----------------------“ sue is usually”  this conclusion is about Maria

2.    Support
P: commercial vehicles—RD was banned bcz the drivers with RD drive faster
 noncommercial vehicles-----use RD
 Speeding decreased safety
C: noncommercial vehicles should be banned for safety
Prephrase: 为什么 CV的情况可以推出non-CV
(A) The average noncommercial-vehicle driver is involved in less long-distance driving than is the average commercial-vehicle driver.             ------------------------- irrelevant      
(B) In many places airplanes or helicopters are used rather than radar to locate vehicles traveling faster than the posted speed limit.        ----------------------------- irrelevant
(C) The ban on radar detectors in commercial vehicles has been effective in deterring them from speeding.
(D) Traffic accidents involving a truck or bus generally pose a greater threat of injury or death than do other accidents.                ------------------------ irrelevant
(E) Radar detectors are sometimes set off by devices other than the law enforcement devices that the radar detectors were built to detect.      ---------------------------- irrelevant

3 weakens
P: offshore operations---risk
 import oil on tankers---more risk
C: more operations   less  tankers
P: what if tankers can be less risk     we talk about the risk of an oil spill
(A) Tankers can easily be redesigned so that their use entails less risk of an oil spill.  ------correct
(B) Oil spills caused by tankers have generally been more serious than those caused by offshore operations.  --------------------------support
(C) The impact of offshore operations on the environment can be controlled by careful management.
(D) Offshore operations usually damage the ocean floor, but tankers rarely cause such damage.
(E) Importing oil on tankers is currently less expensive than drilling for it offshore.

4 weaken last sentence
C: quotas not help big     quotas helps small
P: small take more from big   >  foreign take from small
P: small----big----foreign  we talk about sth that will change the amount of  business
Analysis:
(A) Quality rather than price is a major factor in determining the type of steel to be used for a particular application.                      --------我居然选了a ，老实说第一遍的时候我真的没有理解最后一句话的意思                      
(B) Foreign steel mills have long produced grades of steel comparable in quality to the steel produced by the big American mills.
(C) American quotas on imported goods have often induced other countries to impose similar quotas on American goods.
(D) Domestic "mini-mills" consistently produce better grades of steel than do the big American mills.
----support
(E) Domestic "mini-mills" produce low volume, specialized types of steel that are not produced by the big American steel mills.   -----correct

5 assumptions
P: 3% equipped with radar
 33% ticketed for exceeding the speed with radar-------with radar is more likely to be ticketed
C: with radar is more likely to exceed speed
P: ticketed ------exceed speed
Analysis:
(A) Drivers who equip their vehicles with radar detectors are less likely to be ticketed for exceeding the speed limit than are drivers who do not.              ---------我感觉题中表达的是有雷达的更容易被罚
(B) Drivers who are ticketed for exceeding the speed limit are more likely to exceed the speed limit regularly than are drivers who are not ticketed.  ----og中的解释特别强调了题目的中regularly ms只有这个选项指出了一种习惯
(C) The number of vehicles that were ticketed for exceeding the speed limit was greater than the number of vehicles that were equipped with radar detectors.
(D) Many of the vehicles that were ticketed for exceeding the speed limit were ticketed more than once in the time period covered by the report.-----当初就选的这个……
(E) Drivers on Maryland highways exceeded the speed limit more often than did drivers on other state highways not covered in the report.
这道题我在做og的时候就很不理解，现在还是一知半解，所以我做的时候就是在ticketed ------exceed speed之间加了一个桥

后来我又看了下og的解释，感觉这道题是不是一个由样本得出一般结论的题？所以gap应该是样本---一般结论，这便是og解释强调regular的原因了，是不是？


PS：第一次做每日逻辑练习，呜呜，真的花了我好多的时间啊……牛牛们可以pai我啦……逻辑是我的弱项啊……
没有思路…… 我是不是要先读一下bible啊？关于Prephrase 我不太知道怎么做…… Anyway  我一来吧~~~~~~

toogy123

第一次做，没有经验，

【精练】
< Justify >  40S
1. Premise :  Maria won the race by beating Sue,
 Conclusion: Maria trained hard .
（gap ： trained hard 就会won,
assumption:

(A) Sue did not train as hard as Maria trained.---好像有点加强结论，但没有justify， 结论说的是M
(B) If Maria trained hard, she would win the---
sailboat race.
(C) Maria could beat a four-time winner only if she----正确justify 只有M trained hard,才能won race, 现在won race了，肯定她trained hard了 only if 很强的justify
trained hard.
(D) If Sue trained hard, she would win the sailboat----无关选项，结论说的是M
race.
(E) Sue is usually a faster sailboat racer than Maria.----无关选项，结论是trained hard与 faster速度无关


【逻辑链】
37 60S
background information:The use of radar detectors in commercial vehicles was banned because commercial truck and bus drivers were using these devices to drive faster than the posted speed limit without fear of arrest.
premise: 1noncommercial vehicles also use radar detectors  2 speeding decreases safety for any vehicle
conclusion: use of radar detectors should also be banned in noncommercial vehicles to increase safety

(A) The average noncommercial-vehicle driver is involved in less long-distance driving than is the average commercial-vehicle driver.----distance无关
(B) In many places airplanes or helicopters are used rather than radar to locate vehicles traveling faster than the posted speed limit.-----是 c VS NC与飞机无关
(C) The ban on radar detectors in commercial vehicles has been effective in deterring them from speeding.  说明这个限制在商业car上有效， 所以推广到非商业车也加强了结论
(D) Traffic accidents involving a truck or bus generally pose a greater threat of injury or death than do other accidents.----injury 无关
(E) Radar detectors are sometimes set off by devices other than the law enforcement devices that the radar detectors were built to detect.  无关

38. 40S 好像是OG上得
premise: oild drilling 不可避免的危险是oil spill, inport oil tanker危险更大
conclusion:  减少危险就要 多投资 oild drilling 少 import oil on tanker
逻辑链：Import oil tanker比oil driling危险大，所以多 oil drilling 少 impoart oil on tanker.
Prephrase: 有gap, 如果危险被质疑则weaken结论

(A) Tankers can easily be redesigned so that their use entails less risk of an oil spill-------oil tanker的危险性减低，则weaken结论
(B) Oil spills caused by tankers have generally been more serious than those caused by offshore operations.---提上说  we are to reduce the risk of an oil spill ，与oil spill引起的影响无关吧
(C) The impact of offshore operations on the environment can be controlled by careful management.--同上
(D) Offshore operations usually damage the ocean floor, but tankers rarely cause such damage.---同B
(E) Importing oil on tankers is currently less expensive than drilling for it offshore.---无关 提上说 reduce oil spill与expensive无关

39. 1M48S 选E
premise: 1 the quotas will help "mini-mills" flourish in the United States.  2 Those small domestic mills will take more business from the big American steel mills than would have been taken by the foreign steel mills in the absence of quotas.

conclusion:The imposition of quotas limiting imported steel will not help the big American steel mills
逻辑链：小企业比foreigh mill take more businedd fron the big American mill-----quota 不会促进big American mill
Prephrase:  选项可能关联 小企业和 外国企业的区别，从而即使 小企业发展好也不会威胁大企业的发展，
A quality ,price 无关  
B 没提到小企业，没有weaken 逻辑链  
C  无关， 与其他国家quota无关
D没解释为啥小企业好不会威胁大企业
E 小企业与大企业在业务上不同， 虽然都是生产铁但不存在竞争关系，
40.  B 1min
ticketed for exceeding the speed limit    与exceed the speed limit 不等同 ，B 补上gap
ticketed for exceeding the speed limit    与exceed the speed limit 不等同 ，B 补上gap