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（7月24日更新，至此level 1 文章已全部更新完毕了）
26. Since 1953, many experimental
Since 1953, many experimental attempts to synthesize the chemical constituents of life under “primitive Earth conditions” have been performed, but none of these experiments has produced anything approaching the complexity of the simplest organism. They have demonstrated, however, that a variety of the complex molecules currently making up living organisms could have been present in the early ocean and atmosphere, with only one limitation: such molecules are synthesized far less readily when oxygen-containing compounds dominate the atmosphere. Therefore some scientists postulate that the Earth’s earliest atmosphere, unlike that of today, was dominated by hydrogen, methane, and ammonia.
From these studies, scientists have concluded that the surface of the primitive Earth was covered with oceans containing the molecules fundamental to life. Although, at present, scientists cannot explain how these relatively small molecules combined to produce larger, more complex molecules, some scientists have precipitously ventured hypotheses that attempt to explain the development, from lager molecules, of the earliest self-duplicating organisms.
第一段：
1句：说明性内容a:指出自从1953年以来所开展的这些实验的缺点。
2句：说明性内容b:however,转折，上句说缺点，这句说优点，即这些实验发现构成生物体的复杂分子存在于早期的海洋和大气，并且受含氧量的限制。
3句：提出观点KW1:一些科学家提出观点，即最早的大气与如今不同，主要由hydrogen, methane, ammonia构成。本段的前两句就是为这句话做铺垫。
第二段;
1句：提出观点KW2:科学家认为原始地球表面的海洋里也含有这些基本元素。
2句：提出作者本人观点a：如今科学家已经迫不及待的做出假设。
总结：
本文为说明文，第一段首句提出全文话题，关于原始分子和地球早期环境的研究，第一段后面则主要讲这些研究取得的成绩和科学家据此得到的结论。第二段第一句讲述科学家根据上段结论进一步做出的推断，第二句，讲作者对科学家一个假设理论的评价，表示质疑。本文大部分都是作者以第三者的角度讲述了某个领域的研究现状和一些科学家的观点，作者只在最后给出了自己的对于这项研究的一个态度。
A 24. According to the passage, which of the following can be inferred about the process by which the chemical constituents of life were synthesized under primitive Earth conditions?
(A) The synthesis is unlikely to occur under current atmospheric conditions.（定位第一段最后一句话）
(B) The synthesis is common in modern laboratories.（没有提到当惊实验室里的情况）
(C) The synthesis occurs more readily in the atmosphere than in the ocean.（没有讲到大气和海洋的比较）
(D) The synthesis easily produces the most complex organic molecules.（没有讲到最复杂的有机体）
(E) The synthesis is accelerated by the presence of oxygen-containing compounds.（说反了，参考第一段第2句）
C 25. The primary purpose of the passage is to（主题题，见总结分析）
(A) point out that theories about how life developed on Earth have changed little since 1953（change little错，文章没有讨论这点）
(B) warn of increasing levels of hydrogen, methane, and ammonia in the Earth’s atmosphere（没有警告，也没有说到增加的事情）
(C) describe the development since 1953 of some scientists’ understanding of how life began on Earth
(D) demonstrate that the synthesis of life in the laboratory is too difficult for modern technology（没有讲到实验室里的情况）
(E) describe how primitive atmospheric conditions produced the complex molecules of living organisms（没有讲到这么具体）
C 26. It can be inferred from the passage that “some scientists” assume which of the following concerning “larger, more complex molecules” (line 20)?（这道题我用的排除法）
(A) The earliest atmosphere was formed primarily of these molecules.（earliest\primarily错）
(B) Chemical processes involving these molecules proceeded much more slowly under primitive Earth conditions.（slowly错）
(C) The presence of these molecules would necessarily precede the existence of simple organisms.
(D) Experimental techniques will never be sufficiently sophisticated to produce in the laboratory simple organisms from these chemical constituents.（文章没有涉及到实验技术的讨论）
(E) Explanations could easily be developed to explain how simple molecules combined to form these more complex ones.（文章没有讨论这点）
D 27. The author’s reaction to the attempts that have been made to explain the development of the first self-duplication organisms can best be described as one of（定位全文最后一句话里的‘precipitously’表明了作者的态度）
(A) enthusiasm
(B) expectation
(C) dismay
(D) skepticism
(E) antipathy
27. Quantum mechanics is a highly
Quantum mechanics is a highly successful theory: it supplies methods for accurately calculating the results of diverse experiments, especially with minute particles. The predictions of quantum mechanics, however, give only the probability of an event, not a deterministic statement of whether or not the event will occur. Because of this probabilism, Einstein remained strongly dissatisfied with the theory throughout his life, though he did not maintain that quantum mechanics is wrong. Rather, he held that it is incomplete: in quantum mechanics the motion of a particle must be described in terms of probabilities, he argued, only because some parameters that determine the motion have not been specified. If these hypothetical “hidden parameters” were known, a fully deterministic trajectory could be defined. Significantly, this hidden-parameter quantum theory leads to experimental predictions different from those of traditional quantum mechanics. Einstein’s ideas have been tested by experiments performed since his death, and as most of these experiments support traditional quantum mechanics, Einstein’s approach is almost certainly erroneous.
1句：背景信息(说明性内容)a: Quantum mechanics是一个很成功的理论。
2句：背景信息(说明性内容)b:但是这个理论有个不足之处就是无法准确预测事件是否能够发生。
3句：背景信息(说明性内容)c:提出爱因斯坦的对于这个理论的态度。
4句：KW1：爱因斯坦的观点，这个理论是有缺陷的，因为有些起决定性作用的参数没有被明确。
5句：KW1’：继续讲述KW。
6句：说明性内容a。
7句：KW3：作者对于爱因斯坦的观点的态度。
总结：
本文为说明文，其中夹杂了小的议论。先是提出一项研究和其优缺点，然后提出爱因斯坦的观点，最后作者提出了自己对爱因斯坦观点的看法。
E 24.The author regards the idea that traditional quantum mechanics is incomplete with(定位全文最后一句话中的erroneous，表达了作者的态度)
(A) approval
(B) surprise
(C) indifference
(D) apprehension
(E) skepticism
B 25. It can be inferred from the passage that the author’s conclusion that Einstein’s approach is “erroneous” (line 22) might have to be modified because（即消弱这个结论，就要添加新的前提条件，或者质疑之前的前提）
(A) it is theoretically possible to generate plausible theories with hidden parameters within them
(B) some experimental tests of Einstein’s theory do not disconfirm the hidden-parameter theory of quantum mechanics（添加新的前提条件）
(C) it is possible for a theory to have hidden parameters and yet be probabilistic
(D) traditional quantum mechanics has not yet been used to analyze all of the phenomena to which it could be applied
(E) there are too many possible hidden parameters to develop meaningful tests of hidden-parameter theories
B 26. According to the passage, Einstein posed objections to the
(A) existence of hidden parameters in quantum theory（他是支持这个观点）
(B) probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics
(C) idea that quantum mechanics is incomplete（支持这个观点）
(D) results of experiments testing quantum theory（质疑理论本身而不是测试这个理论的实验结果）
(E) importance accorded quantum mechanics in physics（是质疑完整性，不是重要性）
C 27. The passage suggests that which of the following would have resulted if the experiments mentioned in lines 18-20 had not supported the predictions of traditional quantum mechanics?（即否认爱因斯坦假设的实验结果取反，那就是支持他的假设）
(A) Einstein, had he been alive, would have revised his approach to quantum mechanics.
(B) Hidden-parameter theories would have been considered inaccurate descriptions of real-world phenomena.
(C) A deterministic description of the motion of a particle might still be considered possible.
(D) Quantum mechanics would have ceased to attract the attention of physicists.
(E) Einstein, had he been alive, would have abandoned attempts to specify the hidden parameters that describe motion.
28. It is now established that the
It is now established that the Milky Way is far more extended and of much greater mass than was hitherto thought. However, all that is visible of the constituents of the Milky Way’s corona (outer edge), where much of the galaxy’s mass must be located, is a tiny fraction of the corona’s mass. Thus, most of the Milky Way’s outlying matter must be dark.
Why? Three facts are salient. First, dwarf galaxies and globular clusters, into which most of the stars of the Milky Way’s corona are probably bound, consist mainly of old stars. Second, old stars are not highly luminous. Third, no one has detected in the corona the clouds of gaseous matter such as hydrogen and carbon monoxide that are characteristic of the bright parts of a galaxy. At present, therefore, the best explanation—though still quite tentative—for the darkness of the corona is that the corona is composed mainly of old, burned-out stars.
第一段：
1句：TW：背景信息，milky way非常广阔。
2句：TS’：milky way外围的可视部分很小，还有很多没有显露出来。
3句：TS：milky way的外围部分是黑暗的。
第二段：
1句：KW：有三个原因。
2句：论据a:milky way 的主体部分主要成分为old stars.
3句: 论据b: 并没有人检测到发光的星体。
4句：论据C: old stars都不是很亮的星体。
5句：结论句CS：所以造成黑暗的主要原因银河外围的主要成分是old stars和一些衰败了的星球。
D 17. The passage as a whole is primarily concerned with(主题题)
(A) analyzing a current debate
(B) criticizing a well-established theory
(C) showing how new facts support a previously dismissed hypothesis
(D) stating a conclusion and adducing evidence that may justify it（第一段最后一句提出观点，第二段分析原因来支持这个观点）
(E) contrasting two types of phenomena and showing how they are related
E 18. According to the passage, a bright part of a galaxy typically includes（细节题）
(A) dwarf galaxies and clusters of stars
(B) a balanced mixture of old and new stars
(C) a large portion of the galaxy’s mass
(D) part of the corona of the galaxy
(E) gases such as hydrogen and carbon monoxide（定位第二段第3句）
B 19. It can be inferred from the passage that, compared with what they now think, until fairly recently astronomers believed that the Milky Way（新老观点的一个对比，即全文第一句话）
(A) was much darker
(B) was much smaller
(C) was moving much more slowly
(D) had a much larger corona
(E) had much less gaseous matter
A 20. The passage presents which of the following as incontrovertible?（细节题）
I. The low luminosity of old stars
II. The absence of clouds of gaseous matter from the corona of the Milky Way（与原文不符，范围被扩大了，gaseous matter 有很多种）
III. The predominance of globular clusters and dwarf galaxies in the corona of the Milky Way（根据第二段第二句中的probably可得知，该结论并不是无可置疑的。）
(A) I only
(B) III only
(C) I and II only
(D) II and III only
(E) I, II, and III
29. Analyzing the physics of dance
Analyzing the physics of dance can add fundamentally to a dancer’s skill. Although dancers seldom see themselves totally in physical terms—as body mass moving through space under the influence of well-known forces and obeying physical laws—neither can they afford to ignore the physics of movement. For example, no matter how much a dancer wishes to leap off the floor and then start turning, the law of conservation of angular momentum absolutely prevents such a movement.
Some movements involving primarily vertical or horizontal motions of the body as a whole, in which rotations can be ignored, can be studied using simple equations of linear motion in three dimensions. However, rotational motions require more complex approaches that involve analyses of the way the body’s mass is distributed, the axes of rotation involved in different types of movement, and the sources of the forces that produce the rotational movement.
第一段：
1句：TS：研究舞蹈的物理规律对提升舞技有帮助。
2句：说明性内容a：这点的重要性谁都不能忽视。
3句：举例：角动量守恒定律对舞蹈的动作有影响。
第二段：
1句：说明性内容a:有些在竖直方向上的运动可以通过简单的方程来研究。
2句：说明性内容b：有些旋转的动作则需要复杂的分析。
总结:
本文为观点说明性。首句提出观点，后面对其进行不同角度的说明。
B 17. The primary purpose of the passage is to（主旨题）
(A) initiate a debate over two approaches to analyzing a field of study
(B) describe how one field of knowledge can be applied to another field（讲的就是物理学在舞蹈里的运用）
(C) point out the contradictions between two distinct theories
(D) define and elaborate on an accepted scientific principle
(E) discuss the application of a new theory within a new setting
E 18. The author mentions all of the following as contributing to an understanding of the physics of dance EXCEPT:
(A) the law of conservation of angular momentum
(B) analyses of the way in which the body’s mass is distributed
(C) equations of linear motion in three dimensions
(D) analyses of the sources that produce rotational motions
(E) the technical terms for movements such as leaps and turns（提到过leaps 和turns但只是单纯的列举舞蹈动作。）
B 19. The author implies that dancers can become more skilled by doing which of the following?
(A) Ignoring rotational movements
(B) Understanding the forces that permit various movements（首句的另一种说法）
(C) Solving simple linear equations
(D) Learning the technical terms utilized by choreographers
(E) Circumventing the law of conservation of angular momentum
C 20. Analysis of which of the following would require the kind of complex approach described in lines 14-19?（定位第二段第2句的细节‘rotational motions’）
(A) A long leap across space
(B) A short jump upward with a return to the same place
(C) A sustained and controlled turn in place
(D) Short, rapid steps forward and then backward without turning
(E) Quick sidesteps in a diagonal line
30. The Earth’s magnetic field
The Earth’s magnetic field is generated as the molten iron of the Earth’s outer core revolves around its solid inner core. When surges in the molten iron occur, magnetic tempests are created. At the Earth’s surface, these tempests can be detected by changes in the strength of the Earth’s magnetic field. For reasons not fully understood, the field itself reverses periodically every million years or so. During the past million years, for instance, the magnetic north pole has migrated between the Antarctic and the Arctic.
Clearly, geophysicists who seek to explain and forecast changes in the field must understand what happens in the outer core. Unlike meteorologists, however, they cannot rely on observations made in their own lifetimes. Whereas atmospheric storms arise in a matter of hours and last for days, magnetic tempests develop over decades and persist for centuries. Fortunately scientists have been recording changes in the Earth’s magnetic field for more than 300 years.
第一段：
1句：TW：magnetic field。
2句：说明性内容a：产生磁暴。
3句：说明性内容b：磁暴可以被检测。
4句：说明性内容c：磁场会周期性变化
5句：c’：举例
第二段：
1句：KW：了解地球的外层核心对解释预测磁场很重要。
2句：说明性内容a:提出存在的问题，对于核心的观测时间很长，一生都不够用。
3句：说明性内容a’。
4句：说明性内容b：提出乐观的一方面。
总结:
本文为说明文，第一段提出一个现象并做了分析，第二段分析了当前该领域研究所存在的问题和成果。
B 24. In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with（主旨题，见总结）
(A) analyzing a complicated scientific phenomenon and its impact on the Earth’s surface features
(B) describing a natural phenomenon and the challenges its study presents to researchers
(C) discussing a scientific field of research and the gaps in researchers’ methodological approaches to it
(D) comparing two distinct fields of physical science and the different research methods employed in each
(E) proposing an explanation for a geophysical phenomenon and an experiment that could help confirm that explanation
C 25. The passage suggests which of the following about surges in the Earth’s outer core?（细节题，定位第一段第2、3句，产生surges的时候出现magnetic tempest，而magnetic tempest可通过magnetic field来测定）
(A) They occur cyclically every few decades.
(B) They can be predicted by changes in the Earth’s inner core.
(C) They are detected through indirect means.
(D) They are linked to disturbances in the Earth’s atmosphere.
(E) They last for periods of about 1 million years.
D 26. It can be inferred from the passage that geophysicists seeking to explain magnetic tempests ought to conduct research on the （定位第一段的1、2、3句，可知通过magnetic field可观测magnetic field，而magnetic field是通过outer core产生的）Earth’s outer core because the Earth’s outer core
(A) is more fully understood than the Earth’s magnetic field
(B) is more easily observed than the Earth’s magnetic field
(C) has been the subject of extensive scientific observation for 300 years
(D) is involved in generating the Earth’s magnetic field
(E) reflects changes in the inner core caused by magnetic tempests
A 27. In the second paragraph, the author is primarily concerned with
(A) stating a limitation that helps determine a research methodology
(B) making a comparative analysis of two different research methodologies（对比不是主体）
(C) assessing the amount of empirical data in the field of physical science（没有评估）
(D) suggesting an optimistic way of viewing a widely feared phenomenon（没有optimistic way）
(E) describing a fundamental issue and discussing its future impact on society（没有谈对社会的影响）
31. About a century ago, the
About a century ago, the Swedish physical scientist Arrhenius proposed a law of classical chemistry that relates chemical reaction rate to temperature. According to the Arrhenius equation, chemical reactions are increasingly unlikely to occur as temperatures approach absolute zero, and at absolute zero (zero degrees Kelvin, or minus 273 degrees Celsius) reactions stop. However, recent experimental evidence reveals that although the Arrhenius equation is generally accurate in describing the kind of chemical reaction that occurs at relatively high temperatures, at temperatures closer to zero a quantum-mechanical effect known as tunneling comes into play; this effect accounts for chemical reactions that are forbidden by the principles of classical chemistry. Specifically, entire molecules can “tunnel” through the barriers of repulsive forces from other molecules and chemically react even though these molecules do not have sufficient energy, according to classical chemistry, to overcome the repulsive barrier.
The rate of any chemical reaction, regardless of the temperature at which it takes place, usually depends on a very important characteristic known as its activation energy. Any molecule can be imagined to reside at the bottom of a so-called potential well of energy. A chemical re action corresponds to the transition of a molecule from the bottom of one potential well to the bottom of another. In classical chemistry, such a transition can be accomplished only by going over the potential barrier between the wells, the height of which remains constant and is called the activation energy of the reaction. In tunneling, the reacting molecules tunnel from the bottom of one to the bottom of another well without having to rise over the barrier between the two wells. Recently researchers have developed the concept of tunneling temperature: the temperature below which tunneling transitions greatly outnumber Arrhenius transitions, and classical mechanics gives way to its quantum counterpart.
This tunneling phenomenon at very low temperatures suggested my hypothesis about a cold prehistory of life: the formation of rather complex organic molecules in the deep cold of outer space, where temperatures usually reach only a few degrees Kelvin. Cosmic rays (high-energy protons and other particles) might trigger the synthesis of simple molecules, such as interstellar formaldehyde, in dark clouds of interstellar dust. Afterward complex organic molecules would be formed, slowly but surely, by means of tunneling. After I offered my hypothesis, Hoyle and Wickramasinghe argued that molecules of interstellar formaldehyde have indeed evolved into stable polysaccharides such as cellulose and starch. Their conclusions, although strongly disputed, have generated excitement among investigators such as myself who are proposing that the galactic clouds are the places where the prebiological evolution of compounds necessary to life occurred.
第一段：
1句：KW’：背景信息，老观点，即化学反应速度与温度有关。
2句：说明性内容a：当温度接近绝对零度时，化学反应的反应几乎不会发生。
3句：KW：对老观点提出批评（generally accurate），基本正确，言外之意就是有不准确的地方；提出新观点，当温度接近零度的时候，quantum-mechanical effect发生，也就是tuneling，‘quantum-mechanical effect’说出了新老观点的不同之处，tuneling发生在新观点，老观点里不存在。
4句：说明性内容a:具体讲述新观点的内容，以及与老观点的区别。
第二段;
1句:KW:提出本段的观点，化学反应的速率取决于activation energy，看到这句没有特别提到新观点或者老观点，可以将此观点看做新老观点的一个common ground。
2句：论据a:具体阐述KW发生的过程，分子位于well of energy（能量井）的底部，同样是新老观点的common ground.
3句：论据b: 具体阐述KW发生的过程，化学反应就是分子从一个底部到另一个底部，具体阐述KW发生的过程，
4句：论据c: 提到老观点（classical）,这里开始出现新老观点的区别，分子必须翻过能量井。
5句：论据d：新观点（tunneling），不用翻过能量井，‘without having to rise over …’
6句：CS：新观点打败了老观点，‘classical mechanics gives way to its quantum counterpart’；Arrhenius transitions代指老观点，quantum counterpart代指新观点。
第三段：
1句：KW：提出作者自己的观点，史前生命在寒冷的太空中诞生。
2句：论据a：具体介绍KW，宇宙射线促使反应发生，产生简单的分子。
3句：论据b：继续介绍KW，在宇宙射线触发反应后，由tunnling产生复杂的有机分子，注意这里是说，复杂的有机分子是由tunnnling产生的，而不是由简单分子产生的。
4句：KW’：提出不同的观点；Hoyle and Wickramasinghe 有不同的观点，即，简单分子可以转变为‘stable polysaccharides’（就是复杂有机分子），这个观点的重点就是，复杂有机分子是由简单分子变成了，否定了作者认为的由tunnling产生的。
5句：CS：虽然有分歧，但是却激起了研究者的激动，他们认为galactic clouds是产生早期生物的地方。这在大方向上实际与作者的观点是一致的。
总结：
本文总的来说是新老观点对比型。第一段首句提出老观点，随后又提出新观点；第二段具体介绍两个观点的不同之处；第三段，作者提出自己的观点，可是作者的观点并不是在前面两段讨论的TW(化学反应速度)之内，而是讨论了一个新的话题prehistory生命，后面又提出与作者不同的观点，最后做了关于史前生命的总结。所以说本文以化学反应开头，以prehistory life结尾。不是一个标准的新老观点对比型文章。
C 21. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with（主题题，见总结最后一句可得答案）
(A) describing how the principles of classical chemistry were developed
(B) initiating a debate about the kinds of chemical reactions required for the development of life
(C) explaining how current research in chemistry may be related to broader biological concerns
(D) reconciling opposing theories about chemical reactions
(E) clarifying inherent ambiguities in the laws of classical chemistry
B 22. According to the passage, classical chemical reactions and tunneling reactions are alike in which of the following ways?（第二段的第二句）
(A) In both types of reactions, reacting molecules have to rise over the barrier between the two wells.
(B) In both types of reactions, a transition is made from the bottom of one potential well to the bottom of another.
(C) In neither type of reaction does the height of the barrier between the wells remain constant.
(D) In neither type of reaction does the rate of a chemical reaction depend on its activation energy.
(E) In both types of reactions, reacting molecules are able to go through the barrier between the two wells.
A 23. According to the Arrhenius equation as discussed in the passage, which of the following statements about chemical reactions is true?
(A) Chemical reactions are less likely to occur at temperatures close to absolute zero.（首段第二句）
(B) In some cases the rate of a chemical reaction is related to temperature and in other cases it is not.
(C) Chemical reactions frequently occur at a few degrees above absolute zero, but they are very unpredictable.
(D) The rate of a chemical reaction depends on many other factors besides temperature.
(E) Chemical reaction rate and temperature are not related.
C 24. The author’s attitude toward the theory of a cold pre-history of life can best be described as
(A) neutral
(B) skeptical
(C) mildly positive（总的赞成，同时也承认有不同意见）
(D) very supportive
(E) pointedly critical
A 25. The author’s hypothesis concerning the cold prehistory of life would be most weakened if which of the following were true?（消弱前提，或是否定结论）
(A) Cosmic rays are unlikely to trigger the formation of simple molecules.（消弱前提）
(B) Tunneling occurs only in a narrow band of temperatures around zero degrees Kelvin.
(C) The synthesis of interstellar formaldehyde can be activated by means other than cosmic rays.
(D) Simple molecules can be synthesized by means of tunneling.
(E) Classical chemical reactions do not occur at temperatures close to absolute zero.
D 26. Which of the following best describes the hypothesis of Hoyle and Wickramasinghe as it is presented in the passage?
(A) Cosmic rays can directly synthesize complex organic molecules.
(B) The galactic clouds are the places where prebiological evolution of compounds necessary to life occurred.
(C) Interstellar formaldehyde can be synthesized by tunneling.
(D) Molecules of interstellar formaldehyde can evolve into complex organic molecules.（他们的观点就是认为复杂的有机分子不是由tunnling产生的，而是由简单分子直接产生的）
(E) Complex organic molecules can be synthesized from stable polysaccharides such as cellulose and starch.
D 27. Which of the following best describes the organization of the first two paragraphs of the passage?（太简单，不解释）
(A) The author cites a basic principle of classical chemistry and then describes the research from which that principle was developed.（就是两个不同的观点，没有谁在谁的基础上发展的关系）
(B) The author cites an apparent contradiction to the principles of classical chemistry and then explains the process of a chemical reaction to show there is in fact no contradiction.
(C) The author describes the role of heat in chemical reactions and then offers a detailed explanation of its function.
(D) The author presents a law of classical chemistry in order to introduce a kind of chemical reaction that differs from it and then explains the essential difference between the two.
(E) The author presents the fundamental rules of classical chemistry in order to introduce an explanation of a specific chemical reaction.
32. Many philosophers disagree
Many philosophers disagree over the definition of morality, but most disputants fall into one of two categories: egocentrics, who define morality as the pursuit of self-fulfillment, and sociocentrics, who define morality as an individual’s obligations to society. Where does the truth lie? Fortunately, the stem of the word “morality” provides some clues. The word “mores” originally referred to the customs of preliterate cultures. Mores, which embodied each culture’s ideal principles for governing every citizen, were developed in the belief that the foundation of a community lies in the cultivation of individual powers to be placed in service to the community. These mores were concerned with such skills as food-gathering and warfare as well as an individual’s relationships with others. Thus, I submit, “morality” must be concerned with what is honored by the community at large. However, self-fulfillment is important to morality because unfulfilled citizens, no matter how virtuous, cannot perform the duties morality assigns them.
1句：TW:主题句，提出关于道德的分歧主要分两类egocentrics和sociocentrics，预测下文将分别介绍，甚至评出好坏。
2句：TS：提出下文的主题，分辨好坏。
3句：论据a1：道德与preliterate cultures的习惯有关。
4句：论据a2：详细分析道德的内涵，重点在in service to the community，正好对应第一句当中的sociocentrics和an individual’s obligations to society，可以看的出作者倾向于sociocentrics。
5句：论据a3：将a2的内容具体化到具体的行为。
6句：CS：通过上面的分析，提出作者自己的观点，支持sociocentrics。
7句：说明性内容a：让步，egocentrics也不是一点优点都没有。
总结：
典型的问题解决型，首句提出问题‘什么是mores’,并提出两个观点；后面具体介绍了第二种观点，然后作者提出自己的立场，表示支持第二种观点。
B 17.The primary purpose of this passage is to(主题题，本文为问题解决型)
(A) summarize an argument
(B) resolve a dispute
(C) trace a word’s origin
(D) prove a hypothesis
(E) initiate a debate
D 18. According to the passage, mores in preliterate cultures concerned such skills as warfare and food-gathering because these skills were（该句与上句是并列关系，没有转折词，讲的同样的东西，由上句知应该是服务社会这个方面。）
(A) characteristic of an individual’s self-fulfillment
(B) examples of a culture’s traditions
(C) manifestations of an individual’s ideals
(D) demonstrations of an individual’s contributions to the community
(E) examples of a community’s governing principles
A 19. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding sociocentrics and egocentrics?（态度题，这道题我做错了，实际重点应该是第6句最后的at large（普遍）,表明sociocentrics的地位更高。）
(A) The position of the sociocentrics is stronger than that of the egocentrics.
(B) The positions of the egocentrics and sociocentrics are of equal merit.
(C) There is no merit in the position of the egocentrics.
(D) Neither position contributes very much to an understanding of the definition of morality.
(E) The dispute between the egocentrics and sociocentrics is based on trivial issues.
B 20. With which of the following statements regarding the relationship between the individual and morality would the author be most likely to agree?（定位全文最后一句话）
(A) Failure in social obligations is the price of success in individual endeavors.
(B) The unfulfilled citizen cannot fulfill his moral obligations to the community.
(C) Morality is unconcerned with conflicts among citizens.
(D) The unfulfilled citizen is without virtue.
(E) Wealth harms a citizen’s moral standing in the community.
33. For many years, Benjamin
For many years, Benjamin Quarles’ seminal account of the participation of African Americans in the American Revolution has remained the standard work in the field. According to Quarles, the outcome of this conflict was mixed for African American slaves who enlisted in Britain’s fight against its rebellious American colonies in return for the promise of freedom: the British treacherously resold many into slavery in the West Indies, while others obtained freedom in Canada and Africa. Building on Quarles’ analysis of the latter group, Sylvia Frey studied the former slaves who emigrated to British colonies in Canada. According to Frey, these refugees—the most successful of the African American Revolutionary War participants—viewed themselves as the ideological heirs of the American Revolution. Frey sees this inheritances reflected in their demands for the same rights that the American revolutionaries had demanded from the British: land ownership, limits to arbitrary authority and burdensome taxes, and freedom of religion.
1句：KW：肯定Benjamin Quarles的地位，remained the standard work，预测下文将具体将其优点。
2句：论据a：Benjamin Quarles观点的具体内容，美国革命的结果复杂，分两种情况。
3句：KW1’：准备提出下一个论点，Sylvia Frey的观点，预测下文将提出其观点的具体内容。
4句：KW1：Sylvia Frey的观点：需要注意的是，the most successful participants指的是移民到加拿大的黑人奴隶；ideological heirs表示美国革命的意识形态的继承者。
5句：论据a：具体讲inheritances是什么。需要注意的地方是，那些成功的黑人奴隶所继承的美国革命意识形态就是对一些权益的诉求，而这些诉求恰恰是美国革命当中另外一方（与英国对立一方）的诉求，即land ownership等等。换句话讲，虽然黑人奴隶帮着英国人在美国革命中与另一方（这一方的诉求就是land ownership等等）对抗，但实际上黑人奴隶与他们的敌人有着相同的诉求。
总结：
本文为论点说明型，但没有总的论题，只有一个总的主题就是美国革命中的黑人奴隶，两个分论点，首句提出KW，肯定Benjamin Quarles的研究，并介绍他的研究的结论；第4句提出KW1，在首句观点的基础上提出了另一个观点，即美国革命中成功的黑人奴隶继承了美国革命的意识形态，随后具体介绍这个意识形态。
E 17. According to the passage, which of the following is true about the African American Revolutionary War participants who settled in Canada after the American Revolution?(细节题)
(A) Although they were politically unaligned with either side, they identified more with British ideology than with American ideology.（他们与英国人结盟）
(B) While they were not immediately betrayed by the British, they ultimately suffered the same fate as did African American Revolutionary War participants who were resold into slavery in the West Indies.（命运是不同的）
(C) They settled in Canada rather than in Africa because of the greater religious freedom available in Canada.（他们去哪并不是他们能决定的，也不少宗教决定的，而是英国人决定的。）
(D) They were more politically active than were African American Revolutionary War participants who settled in Africa.（没有涉及这方面的比较）
(E) They were more successful than were African American Revolutionary War participants who settled Africa.（定位第4句）
C 18. Which of the following is most analogous to the relationship between the African American Revolutionary War participants who settled in Canada after the American Revolution and the American revolutionaries, as that relationship is described in the passage?（根据前面第4、5句的分析，即对抗双方的诉求是一样的。）
(A) A brilliant pupil of a great musician rebels against the teacher, but adopts the teacher’s musical style after the teacher’s unexpected death.
(B) Two warring rulers finally make peace after a lifetime of strife when they realize that they have been duped by a common enemy.
(C) A child who has sided with a domineering parent against a defiant sibling later makes demands of the parent similar to those once made by the sibling.
(D) A writer spends much of her life popularizing the work of her mentor, only to discover late in life that much of the older writer’s work is plagiarized from the writings of a foreign contemporary.
(E) Two research scientists spend much of their careers working together toward a common goal, but later quarrel over which of them should receive credit for the training of a promising student.
C 19. The author of the passage suggests that which of the following is true of Benjamin Quarles’ work?（定位首句即可）
(A) It introduced a new and untried research methodology.
(B) It contained theories so controversial that they gave rise to an entire generation of scholarship.
(C) It was a pioneering work that has not yet been displaced by subsequent scholarship.
(D) It launched the career of a scholar who later wrote even more important works.
(E) At the time it appeared, its author already enjoyed a well-established reputation in the field.
D 20. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage concerning Britain’s rule in its Canadian colonies after the American Revolution?（）
(A) Humiliated by their defeat by the Americans, the British sharply curtailed civil rights in their Canadian colonies.（文章没有提到这点）
(B) The British largely ignored their Canadian colonies.（同上）
(C) The British encouraged the colonization of Canada by those African Americans who had served on the American side as well as by those who had served on the British side.（同上）
(D) Some of Britain’s policies in its Canadian colonies were similar to its policies in its American colonies before the American Revolution. （因为文中第5句说，这些移民加拿大的黑人奴隶的诉求与美国革命者的诉求一样，说明当时加拿大的情况和美国革命之前类似。）
(E) To reduce the debt incurred during the war, the British imposed even higher taxes on the Canadian colonists than they had on the American colonists.（文章没有提到这点）
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发表于 2014-7-11 12:21:34
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