语法总结－修饰语篇（上）

lyricling

修饰语部分:
总体要求：符合语法规则，意思合乎逻辑，修饰对象明确，清楚简洁不罗嗦。
所谓修饰对象要明确，即一个句子中的某一修饰成分作状语或定语的作用清楚明白，修饰对象也清楚明白。这个问题涉及到修饰成分在句子中的位置问题，总的原则是修饰语应尽量靠近被修饰的成分，并在逻辑含义上正确。
主要结构：定语从句，分词，形容词（短语），介词（短语），副词

第一部分：各种修饰成分

分词分为现在分词和过去分词。现在分词和过去分词可以在句中充当定语或状语。

一．现在分词

1）现在分词作状语：

现在分词位于句末或句首，前后有“，”将其与主句隔开，则现在分词优先做主句谓语的伴随状语，伴随动作方式，动作本身以及动作结果。一般不倾向于用现在分词短语前后加“，”放在句子中间作状语的用法。（lstzhang：分词不是放在头部，就是放在尾部，不要放在中间。如果现在分词位于一个从句中的开头部分，现在分词短语也可以作分句的状语。）

如果现在分词前有介词或连词引导，如after, while, by等，则现在分词作状语。

▲现在分词作状语放在句末，按照接近性原则，应优先修饰靠近它的谓语，这个谓语可能不是主句的谓语。同理，按照接近性原则，伴随状语修饰谓语，放在句末会比较接近谓语，而放在句首，中间隔着主语去修饰谓语，离得远，不好。

补充材料124　Alaska regularly deposits some of its profits from the sale of oil into a special fund, with the intention to sustain the state’s economy after the exhaustion of its oil reserves.(A) fund, with the intention to sustain the state’s economy after the exhaustion of its oil reserves.
(C) fund intended to sustain the state’s economy after oil reserves are exhausted.
(D) fund intended to sustain the state’s economy after exhausting its oil reserves.
D项中，after exhausting 这个现在分词短语从语法上讲就应该修饰sustain这个动作，从而造成逻辑主语的错误。所以不选。

▲分词放在句首，暗示着这个动作发生在谓语动作之前，先有分词的动作，再有谓语的动作。前后脚关系。

这里考的是过去分词与现在分词并列作定语修饰前面名词的法，因为已经有了过去分词在前，避免了与其并列的现在分词作状语的可能。

2）现在分词作定语：如果现在分词前面没有“，”现在分词优先作定语修饰前面的名词。

特例：补充材料335　The growth of he railroads led to the abolition of local times, which was determined by when the sun reached the observer’s meridian and differing from city to city, and to the establishment of regional times.
(C) which were determined by when the sun reached the observer’s meridian and differing
(D) determined by when the sun reached the observer’s meridian and differed
(E) determined by when the sun reached the observer’s meridian and differing

A．现在分词作定语表示长期，反复的动作，表示该动作是名词永久属性，常用来表示法令或权力的内容。与定语从句表示的具体，一次性动作有意义上的区别。
B．如果定语从句带有情态动词，或者定语从句表示的时态与现在分词不一致时，现在分词不能取代定语从句作定语。

二．过去分词

过去分词位于句首，修饰主语。
位于句中或句尾，优先作定语修饰前面的名词；
过去分词位于句尾，如果紧接着谓语，则过去分词也可作状语，需要根据具体情况从逻辑上判断。
LZMP123NO.37 Traveling the back roads of Hungary, in 1905 Bela Bartok and Zooltan Kodaly began their pioneering work in ethnomusicology, and they were armed only with an Edison phonogrph and insatiable curiosity.
(C)  in 1905, Bela Bartok and Zooltan Kodaly began their pioneering work in ethnomusicology, traveling the back roads of Hungary armed only
(D) having traveled the back roads of Hungary ,in 1905 Bela Bartok and Zooltan Kodaly began their pioneering work in ethnomusicology; they were only armed

补充材料17,21, 65，208，

三．介词短语：介词短语应紧跟被修饰对象
在GMAT语法中，对于介词短语的考点主要就是介词短语的位置，介词短语的位置不同，其修饰对象也不同，其作状语或定语的语法功能也不同。
1）位于句首，修饰主语或作全句状语；
2）位于句尾或句中，则要看它前面的词是名词还是谓语，是名词则优先作定语，是谓语则优先作状语。作状语时，介词短语的位置一定要离谓语比较近，具体情况还要根据逻辑意思分析。

例题：补充材料144
The Forbidden City in Beijing, from which the emperors ruled by heavenly mandate, was a site which a commoner or foreigner could not enter without any permission, on pain of death.
(C) which no commoner or foreigner could enter without permission,
(D) which, without permission, neither commoner or foreigner could only enter,
“without+名词”这一介词短语紧跟谓语，则作状语表条件（意为“如果没有”），修饰谓语。

例题：（来源　Kaplan语法小测验）
2. The principal has sought approval for her plan to grant promotions to only those seven-grade students proficient in reading without meeting with opposition.
(C)  reading, without the opposition of others
(D) reading, and has not met with opposition
“without＋the opposition of others” 短语如果作状语，远离所要修饰的谓语，作状语或作定语作用不明，不好。

补充材料124　Alaska regularly deposits some of its profits from the sale of oil into a special fund, with the intention to sustain the state’s economy after the exhaustion of its oil reserves.
(A) fund, with the intention to sustain the state’s economy after the exhaustion of its oil reserves.
(C) fund intended to sustain the state’s economy after oil reserves are exhausted.

补充材料136　The labor agreement permits staff reductions through attrition with increased pension benefits and a special early-retirement program for speeding it up.
(A) attrition with increased pension benefits and a special early-retirement program for speeding it up.
(B) attrition and provides increased pension benefits and a special early-retirement program to speed the attrition process.

这类题在真题中的例题很多，如果发现介词短语所修饰的对象不合理，则应该改变介词短语的位置。
补充材料：35，46，112，
3）Despite, in spite of , because of, as a result of　等介词短语在句中作状语。
4）独立主格结构位于句首或句尾作状语。
例：He entered the room, with a book in his hand.
OG86　Having the right hand and arm being crippled by a sniper’s bullet during the First World War, Horace Pippin, a Black American painter, worked by holding the brush in his right hand and guiding its movements with his left(介词短语作状语).
(A) Having the right hand and arm being crippled by a sniper’s bullet during the First World War
(D) The right hand and arm being crippled by a sniper’s bullet during the First World War
(E) His right hand and arm crippled by a sniper’s bullet during the First World War

四．形容词短语：只能作定语
位于句首，按照就近修饰原则，修饰主语；
位于句中或句尾，作定语修饰前面的名词。
注意：一般情况下，形容词短语前面加“，”，优先修饰之前名词词组的核心词。如果形容词短语前无“，”，则应修饰其紧接的名词。
补充材料　389

五．定语从句：作定语，修饰前面的名词
非限定性定语从句，前面一定要有“，”与被修饰成分隔开。特别是“介词＋连接代词”型非限制性定语从句。
注意定语从句的连词使用。在GMAT中，which 只用来引导非限定性定语从句；That 引导限定性定语从句；Who/whom　引导修饰人的限定性或非限定性定语从句; where 引导的定语从句，被修饰词在定从中作状语，比较抽象的名词一般用in which引导的从句修饰。

六．副词：修饰动作
副词可以作状语修饰句子的谓语，也可以修饰一个动词词组或修饰一个作名词定语的形容词。GMAT考试中比较常见的考法是“adv+adj+N”或“adj1+adj2+N”的结构，一定要分清是两个形容词同时修饰名词，还是一个副词先修饰形容词，再修饰名词。
OG：5，37，70，108，176，195，136
补充材料：78，154，260，328，375，389,　436，445，
    
第二部分　修饰语位置
(1) 修饰语位置应尽量遵循“紧接被修饰成分”的原则。

避免歧义：如介词短语作状语，应尽量放在修饰谓语或全句的位置，不要与做定语的位置混淆；同时，如介词短语修饰的是分句的动作，则应放在分句中，而不应跑到主句中去做成份。
副词：一些形容词兼副词，如only, most等要密切关注其在句中的位置，不要随意改变其位置，导致其修饰的成分与原句有出入，从而改变句意。

OG　31,37，117, 134,135，137，170,188,243,247,256,262
补充材料6,14, 186，208，216，219，255，260，271，311，318，320， 348，367，391，400，410，422,474,477,479，


(2)修饰语与修饰对象逻辑搭配合理：
修饰语修饰的对象要在逻辑意义上搭配合理。修饰语优先修饰之前的名词，如果逻辑意思不合理，则需要调整句子结构。
OG18,31,37,43,46,49,50,53,57，62,69,101,107,109,113,114,120，127,128,159,161,164,168,180,
185,189,196，225,229,243，245,251,256，262

补充材料65, 58, 112,157,159,169,173,230,231,242, 246, 250,261,274,327, 339,341，346，390，391，408，430,445,461,463,485

(3)跳跃修饰的问题：
which引导的非限定性定语从句，优先修饰前面的名词。特殊情况下可以跳跃修饰，但需要在定语从句的谓语中体现，用主谓一致原则来辨别其修饰的名词是哪一个。
OG：85,109,128　
补充材料：9,108,335,384,389，

tocean0222

兄弟，太感谢了！

linlin315

谢谢ling哥哥！！哭ing

joywzy

强烈感谢LING GG!!!!你真是太好了!!!!

greenfish

so much thanks!!!!!

anchoret

really, really good stuff.

siebel

天下竟有这么牛的人！

albert

lyricling, great job!
thank you very much!

lyricling

不谢不谢，互相帮助嘛，希望对大家有用。
对了，这个贴子为什么还不变为“精华贴”呢？谁有这个权力？

albert

Alaska regularly deposits some of its profits from the sale of oil into a special fund, with the intention to sustain the state’s economy after the exhaustion of its oil reserves.
(A) fund, with the intention to sustain the state’s economy after the exhaustion of its oil reserves.
(C) fund intended to sustain the state’s economy after oil reserves are exhausted.

A错在什么地方？ 这里with 是做状语吧？
C intened这里是做定语还是做状语？ 我觉得象做状语。可是做过去分词做状语好象一般用逗号分开吧？除非很特殊的例子。

谢谢。