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平行结构 1.A migraine typically afflicts one side ofthe head, lasts for hours or days, and may recur as infrequently as onceevery other month or often, as daily.
(A) as infrequently as once every other month or often, as
(B) as infrequently as once every other month or as often as
(C) infrequently, as often as once every other month, or often, like
(D) infrequently, like once every other month, or often, like
(E) infrequently, like once every other month, or as often as B asinfrequently as 和 as often as 平行 Like在gmat语法中不能做比较 2.The prime lending rate is a key rate inthe economy: not only are the interest rates on most loans to small andmedium-sized businesses tied to the prime, but also on a growing number ofconsumer loans, including home equity loans.
(A) not only are the interest rates on most loans to small and medium-sizedbusinesses tied to the prime, but also on
(B) tied to the prime are the interest rates not only on most loans to smalland medium-sized businesses, but also on
(C) the interest rates not only on most loans to small and medium-sizedbusinesses are tied to the prime, but also
(D) not only the interest rates on most loans to small and medium-sizedbusinesses are tied to the prime, but also on
(E) the interest rates are tied to the prime, not only on most loans to smalland medium-sized businesses, but also A not only 后面是个完整的句子，but also后面也应该接句子 B正解，句子完全倒装 完全倒装的常用形式有：-ed形式/-ing形式/adj/介词短语+be+主语 C没有be tied to D but also 后面也应该是一个完整的句子 E but also后面应该有ON 3.A fire in an enclosed space burns withthe aid of reflected radiation that preheats the fuel, making ignition mucheasier and flames spreading more quickly.
(A) flames spreading
(B) flame spreads
(C) flames are caused to spread
(D) causing flames to spread
(E) causing spreading of the flames A make sth do而不能是make sth doing B同A C不能是句子 D正确，causing和making平行 casue sthto do E causing doing 永远错 4.Some biographers have not only disputedthe common notion that Edgar Allan Poe drank to excess but also questionedwhether he drank at all.
(A) have not only disputed the common notion that Edgar Allan Poe drank toexcess but also questioned whether he drank
(B) not only have disputed the common notion that Edgar Allan Poe drank toexcess but also over whether he drank
(C) have disputed not only the common notion that Edgar Allan Poe drank toexcess but also whether he may not have drunk
(D) not only have disputed the common notion that Edgar Allan Poe drank toexcess but also questioned whether or not he had drunk
(E) have disputed the common notion not only that Edgar Allan Poe drank toexcess but also questioned whether he may not have drunk A NOT ONLY…BUT ALSO平行结构，前后的形式一定要对称！！！ B．not only+动词，but also+介词 错 C．not only+名词，but also+从句 错， whether he may nothave done, wordy应该直接用肯定句 D．whether or not wordy， or not必须省略 E．not only+从句，but also+动词 错 Although it was once funded entirely by the government, theVictoria and Albert Museum was oneof the first of Britain’s national museums seeking support from corporations and private donors and toincrease income by increasing attendance.
(A) one of the first of Britain’s national museums seeking support from
(B) one of Britain’s first national museumsseeking support of
(C) among Britain’s first national museums toseek support of
(D) among the first of Britain’s nationalmuseums to seek support from
(E) among Britain’s first national museums thathave sought the support of D A． 平行结构 和后面的to increase不平行 B． 同A；support from C． Britain’s first national museums有歧义，额，可能是英国自己的第一批国家博物馆，和第一批关于英国的国家博物馆 D． 正确，support from 和平行都是用正确 E． 不平行 Temporary-employmentagencies benefit not only from the increasing demand for clerical workers butalso the higher profits made when highly paid professionals are placed,requests for whom have increased in the recent wave of corporate takeovers.
(A) the higher profits made when highly paid professionals are placed, requestsfor whom
(B) the higher profits that are made in the placement of highly paidprofessionals, requests for whom
(C) from the requests for highly paid professionals, who make higher profitsfor the agencies when placed and whose requests
(D) from highly paid professionals, whose placement makes higher profits forthe agencies and whose requests
(E) from the higher profits made in placing highly paid professionals, requestsfor whom D1.but also 后面形式要对称必须是 but alsofrom,A,B错 2.逻辑意思，C,D逻辑错误，主要是whoserequest出现问题whose requests have increased in the recent wave of corporatetakeovers. It says the requests made by theprofessionals have increased. This is incorrect. The stem is saying that deamndfor highly paid professions has gone up. Another way of saying demand has goneup is by saying "requests for whom have increased"
"whom" is the object form of "who". Theprofessionals are the object of the sentence. Among the reasons for the decline of NewEngland agriculture in the last three decades were the high cost of land, thepressure of housing and commercial development, and basing a marketing anddistribution system on importing produce from Florida and California.
A . basing a marketing and distribution system on importing produce fromFlorida and California
B . basing a marketing and distribution system on the imported produce ofFlorida and California
C. basing a system of marketing and distribution on the import of produce fromFlorida and California
D . a marketing and distribution system based on importing produce from Floridaand California
E . a marketing and distribution system importing produce from Florida andCalifornia as its base D 1.平行结构 名词和名词平行 2.修饰关系的合理性，E中importing修饰system，主动逻辑关系不合理，其次改变原句的意思，把florida和california当成base The economic forces which may affect thenew public offering of stock include sudden downturns in the market, hedgingand other investor strategies for preventing losses, loosening theinterest rates in Washington, and fearing that the company may still beundercapitalized.
A. loosening the interest rates in Washington, and fearing that the company maystill be undercapitalized
B. loosening the interest rates in Washington, and a fear of the company stillbeing undercapitalized
C. a loosening of the interest rates in Washington, and fearing that thecompany may still be undercapitalized
D. a loosening of the interest rates in Washington, and a fear of the stillundercapitalized company
E. a loosening of the interest rates in Washington, and a fear that the companymay still be undercapitalized
E 1.平行结构， downturns 与 hedging 都为名词，所以后面也应该接名词，排除A,B,C。之所以不用a hedging, 是因为hedging is referred as a type of strategy ( which again makes it anoun ): "hedging and other investorstrategies” hedging本身是套利的意思，是一个经济学名词，可以当成不可数名词，就像我们不会说一场通货膨胀，我们只会说 an inflation rate 2.整体概念和所属关系的区分也是改变原本句子的意思changes the meaning -- it's a *fear* that the company *may* beundercapitalized, not a certainty that it is. 补充: not every gerund 动名词is thesame. The way "loosening" is used in (a) and (b) is as an action,whereas it's treated more as a thing in (c), (d), and (e). Note that"hedging" is also made more thing-like by conjoining it logically to"other investor strategies." Thus it's a strategy, not an action.
Take this example:
"We will win the contest by planning effectively and executingproperly." Two actions, here in the form of gerunds, accurately parallel.
"We will contest the results through a protest against the rules and achallenging of the dogma." Two actions, one a noun and one a gerund, stillparallel.
"We will lament our failure with crying and a pouring out of our paranoidfears." An action, "crying," and a thing, "a pouringout" -- both gerunds, but not as clearly parallel.
Once the economic and social usefulness ofthe motor car was demonstrated and with its superiority to the horse being proved,muchof the early hostility to it in rural regions disappeared.
A) and with its superiority to the horse being
B) and its superiority over the horse had been
C) and its superiority to the horse
D) its superiority over the horse
E) with its superiority to the horse having been 争议题 C/B 1． 首先，必须有and来连接两个句子
So, first, we need that "and" in there. Eliminate D and E. Second,the A and B in the compound clause need to be parallel. 2． 选B的理由是两个完整的句子并列，不选C是因为 and连接once从句和名词短语，形式不对称 选C的理由是因为平行结构的原因不需要重复谓语动词 不选B的理由是had been和前后时态不对称，用had been也没有任何依据 补充: Once the economic and social usefulness of the motor carwas demonstrated and with its superiority to the horse being proved,much of theearly hostility to it in rural regions disappeared. Once A <happened> andB <happened>, <C followed>. dependent compound clause, independentclause.
A uses "was demonstrated" so we need something in the same tense. Auses "being proved." Nope. B uses "had been proved." Nope.C uses "proved," which also seems wrong at first glance - but assomeone up above said, wedon't need to repeat the "was" in this instance. This is anunusual construct (I can't recall seeing something quite like this on anyofficial questions) but we don't need to repeat the "was" because ofthe parallel structure.
That allows us to narrow to C without dealing with the idiom issue (superiorityto / over). I have not seen this particular idiom used on an official question,so I cannot say what the official testwriters would prefer here. Both are usedin common English, which leads me to believe that either is fine, but there arecases of other common usages that the testwriters don't like and don't considercorrect, so... unless they officially comment on the issue (that is, release aquestion with an explanation that indicates one usage is wrong), we're kind ofstuckon this question.
In general, if you can solve a problem using other hard-and-fast grammar rules,do so. In this case, we know we need the "and" (eliminating D and E)and we know we need parallelism (eliminating A and B), so we can ignore the"superiority" issue altogether. A collection of 38 poems by PhillisWheatley, a slave, was published in the 1770's, the first book by a Black womanand it was only the second published by an American woman.
(A) it was only the second published by an American woman
(B) it was only the second that an American woman published
(C) the second one only published by an American woman
(D) the second one only that an American woman published
(E) only the second published by an American woman E 1. 平行结构排除A,B 2. Only的位置改变了修饰的词语，改变了句子的意思，排除C,D Example:
"only published by an American woman" means that Americanwoman has done the work of publishing, which is not the intended meaning of thesentence.
Option D has done almost the same mistake. 3. 白勇语法中省略原则：the second 后面不能加NOUN(BOOK) OR PRONOUN(ONE), 因为the second是承接前面相同的名词的省略 4. It关于it用的对不对，我也不是很清楚，贴上别人的意见以待参考 Same issue with parallelism as with option A ( i.e thesecond half of sentence after "and" has a verb WAS , whereas thefirst half doesnt.
The "IT" here is fine though. It adheres to one of the standardusage/format of "IT"(IT is sox THAT y - IT is so windy THAT she couldbarely even walk - am not good with appropriate analogies) wherein"IT" doesn't have to stand for an antecedent. Option A does notadhere to this , hence "IT" in option A is an issue, whereas"IT" in B is fine, as far as associating it with an antecedent isconcerned. It is wrong due to other reasons though , as already stated . 补充: The rule of thumb is this: put only as close as possible to theword it should modify. Only Linda atethe pizza today.( (Nobody else; only Linda.) Linda only ate the pizza today. (Linda didn't cook it or buy it; she onlyate it.) Linda ate only the pizza today. (Linda didn't eat anything else today;only pizza.) Linda ate the only pizza today. (There was only one pizza, andLinda ate it.) Linda ate the pizza only today. (Linda didn't eat the pizza yesterday orbefore; only today; OR, Linda didn't eat the pizza until today.) Linda ate the pizza today only. (Linda didn't eat the pizza yesterday orbefore; only today.) At the time of the Mexican agrarianrevolution, the most radical faction, that of Zapata and his followers,proposed a return to communal ownership of land, to what had been apre-Columbian form of ownership respected by the Spaniards.
(A) land, to what had been a pre-Columbian form of ownership respected by theSpaniards
(B) land, a form of ownership of the pre-Columbians and respected by theSpaniards
(C) land, respected by the Spaniards and a pre-Columbian form of ownership
(D) land in which a pre-Columbian form of ownership was respected by theSpaniards
(E) land that had been a pre-Columbian form of ownership respected by theSpaniards A 1. 平行结构形式对称，and连接名词短语（a form of…）和分词短语（respected by…）形式不对称，排除B.C 2. 逻辑语就近修饰，Din which 就近修饰名词land，表示在“土地上”，逻辑意思不合。 E中that就近修饰land但是land had been a pre-Columbian form of ownership 意思不合。 3. To what 是同位结构的省略，相当于areturn to what…, 这种结构仅限于n+介词的情况，当名词与前面解释说明的名词或者名词短语的核心词相同时，可以省略名词，只留下介词短语构成同位结构，这是一种比较特殊的同位结构，本质上是名词性同位结构。 补充： (A) land, to what hadbeen a pre-Columbian form of ownership respected by the Spaniards
correct. past perfect tense correctly used. had been....respected. Theownership occured before the Spaniards respected it.
(B) land, a form of ownership of the pre-Columbians andrespected by the Spaniards
incorrectly uses precolumbian as a noun. In the stem it was used as anadjective to modify ownership.
(C) land, respected by the Spaniards and apre-Columbian form of ownership
This distorts the meaning of the sentence in that the pre-columbian form ofownership still exists. Zapata and his followers wanted to RETURN to what hadbeen this form of ownership.
(D) land in which a pre-Columbian form ofownership was respected by the Spaniards
in which incorrectly restricts land rather than the ownership ofland.
Example: I have ownership of land that stretches as far as the eye can see.
(E) land that had been a pre-Columbian form ofownership respected by the Spaniards
same error as D. The National Transportation Safety Boardhas recommended the use of fail-safe mechanisms on airliner cargo door latches assuringthe doors are properly closed before takeoff and to prevent them frompopping open in flight.
(A) assuring the doors are properly closed
(B) for the assurance of proper closing
(C) assuring proper closure
(D) to assure closing the doors properly
(E) to assure that the doors are properly closed E 1. 平行结构形式对称，为划线连词and和to prevent表明，and前必须出现不定式与to prevent构成平行结构，排除A.B.C。 2. 习惯搭配：the use of th to do sth 3. 不能改变句意（整体概念和部分概念的区别）原句the doors are properlu closed强调们的状态是被关上的（整体概念）而D选项中closingthe doors强调动作（部分概念），改变原句的强调重心。 补充： 任何实意动词：名词，动词，形容词，副词在省略，添加或者改变时都必须有合理的语法或者逻辑理由。而B,C选项中，省略原句中的door引起逻辑意思混乱，无法明确关闭的对象。同时使后文中的them没有指代对象。省略不当 Despite protests from some waste-disposalcompanies, state health officials have ordered the levels of bacteria inseawater at popular beaches to be measured and that the results bepublished.
(A) the levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches to be measured andthat the result be
(B) that seawater at popular beaches should be measured for their levels ofbacteria, with the result being
(C) the measure of levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches and theresults be
(D) seawater measured at popular beaches for levels of bacteria, with theirresults
(E) that the levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches be measured andthe results E 1. 平行结构要对称，排除A.C 2. 代词指代，their不能指代seawater，排除B.D 补充： 1. 情态动词不能随意添加。B选项随意添加了情态动词should，海水应该被测量，逻辑意思不合理 2. 不能改变句子的合理重心，B,D中的with the results being published, with their results being published把原文重心给改变了。 3. 逻辑意思的合理性（不是特别明白） C order the measure命令测量 D order seawater 命令海水 还有，经Mgmat大神ron指出应该用measurement代替measure（但是他说记着就行了，虽然我很想知道为什么） 4. 白勇语法中关于省略的部分 两或三个句子并列，第一句中有be动词或者become，第二或者第三句话中的be动词或者become必须省略（求证，是真的么），包括重复的名词，形容词或者连词都可以省略，但是连接句子的and不能省略。the results published 就是省略了that 和be Geologists believe that the warning signsfor a major earthquake may include sudden fluctuations in local seismicactivity, tilting and other deformations of the Earth’s crust, changing themeasured stain across a fault zone, and varying the electrical propertiesof underground rocks.
(A) changing the measured strain across a fault zone, and varying
(B) changing measurements of the strain across a fault zone, and varying
(C) changing the strain as measured across a fault zone, and variations of
(D) changes in the measured strain across a fault zone, and variations in
(E) changes in measurements of the strain across a fault zone, and variationsamong D 1. 动作性名词的并列 为划线部分是动作性名词并列fluctuation in…, tilting倾斜是动作性名词而不是-ing分词形式，所以划线名词也必须是动作性名词形式，change的名词形式还是他本身，vary的名词形式 2. 不能改变原句的意思 原句中Change in结构中的核心词是strain，强调张力的变化。E中则变成了measurement，意思重心转移到测量的变化 Q. Federal authorities involved in the investigation have found thelocal witnesses are difficult to locate, reticent, and are suspicious ofstrangers.
A. the local witnesses are difficult to locate, reticent, and are
B. local witnesses to be difficult to locate, reticent, and are
C. that local witnesses are difficult to locate, reticent, and
D. local witnesses are difficult to locate and reticent, and they are
E. that local witnesses are difficult to locate and reticent, and they are
C 1. 宾语从句的连词that不能省略，排除A,B,D 2. 形容词的并列local witnesses are difficult..,reticent…, and suspicious…并列，排除E（同时，E中的they指代不明，不知道指代federalauthorities or the local witnesses） 补充： Step 1 - Split btw "and vs and are vsand they are".
- They is ambiguous as we do not know if it refers to the federal authoritiesor the local witnesses. Hence eliminate D and E.
- The redundancy of "are" in A is unnecessary and incorrect. HenceEliminate A.
-Use of 1st verb as are is correct than the use of to. Also, existence of twoTos is unnecessary in B.
Judge Bonham denied a motion to allow members of the juryto go home at the end of each day instead of to confine them toa hotel.
A. to allow members of the jury to go home at the end of each day instead of toconfine them to
B. that would have allowed members of the jury to go home at the end of eachday instead of confined to
C. under which members of the jury are allowed to go home at the end of eachday instead of confining them in
D. that would allow members of the jury to go home at the end of each dayrather than confinement in
E. to allow members of the jury to go home at the end of each day rather thanbe confined to
E 1. 平行结构 在这里，最大的问题是谁和谁平行，to confine 和to go home平行还是和to allow members平行to allow和to go home, 而如果是跟to go home平行，to confine的主语就也是members of the jury, 那就变成members ofthe jury to confine them to a hotel (如果是themselves, 那A就没错，然而如果不是themselves, 我们就不知道到底谁被confine在酒店里了），所以A错。 而如果是跟to allow平行，那么motion to allow members ...instead of toconfine...逻辑意思上不平行，或者说to allow members of the jury 允许评审团限制自己的活动范围本身这个说法就是不合逻辑的。因此A错了。 Instead of和Rather前后形式不对称，排除C,D,B 补充： Rather than 比 instead of在书面中使用更多，所以我们倾向选择rather than Researchers at Cornell University havedemonstrated that homing pigeons can sense changes in the earth's magneticfield, see light waves that people cannot see, detect low-frequency sounds frommiles away, sense changes in air pressure, and can identify familiarodors.
A sense changes in air pressure, and can identify familiar odors
B can sense changes in air pressure, and can identify familiar odors
C sense changes in air pressure, and identify familiar odors
D air pressure changes can be sensed, and familiar odors identified
E air pressure changes are sensed, and familiar odors identified C 1. 平行结构对称 A.B前多了CAN！！！情态动词不能随意乱加 D.E的都没有和划线部分的动宾短语并列 New theories propose that catastrophicimpacts of asteroids and comets may have caused reversals in the Earth’smagnetic field, the onset of ice ages, splitting apart continents 80million years ago, and great volcanic eruptions.
(A) splitting apart continents
(B) the splitting apart of continents
(C) split apart continents
(D) continents split apart
(E) continents that were split apart B 1.平行结构形式对称，概念对等 未划线部分caused的宾语是reversals，onset和eruptions都是动作性名词，根据平行结构概念对等的要求，划线部分也应该是动作性名词。 A-ing spliting apart continents强调动作，并不能与动词性名词（强调结果状态）并列 C动词不能构成并列 D．continents是名称名称并不能与动作性名词并列 补充: 虽然一个词可能没有动作性名词，通常用the+ING的形式来代替，the splitting apart of 代替动词split apart 的名词形式，与reversals等形式对等 22. In recent years cattle breeders haveincreasingly used crossbreeding, in part that their steers should acquire certain characteristicsand partly because crossbreeding is said to provide hybrid vigor.
A)in part that their steers should acquire certain characteristics
B)in part for the acquisition of certain characteristics in their steers
C)partly because of their steers acquiring certain characteristics.
D)partly because certain characteristics should be acquired by their steers.
E)partly to acquire certain characteristics in their steers. E 1. 平行结构的形式要对称 In part and partly形式不够对称 2. 逻辑意思合理 A,D使用should，他们的牛应该怎么。。。不合逻辑 C because of their steers acquiring certain characteristics中 steers是核心词，因为他们怎么样的牛所以使用杂交，因果关系不合理。 The commission acknowledged that no amount of money or staff members can ensure the safetyof people who live in the vicinity of a nuclear plant, but it approved theinstallation because it believed that all reasonable precautions had beentaken.
(A) no amount of money or staff members
(B) neither vast amounts of money nor staff members
(C) neither vast amounts of money nor numbers of staff members
(D) neither vast amounts of money nor a large staff
(E) no matter how large the staff or how vast the amount of money D 1.平行结构概念要对等 Noamount of 为即使再大的….也不，amount of后面接不可数，排除A B.Cvast amounts of money强调整体概念，staff members 强调个体概念，即为每一个成员，neither…nor后平行结构后不合理 2.从句结构完整性 No matter how+adj+名词短语 缺谓语动词 Studies of the human “sleep-wake cycle”have practical relevance for matters ranging from duty assignments in nuclearsubmarines and air-traffic control towers to the staff of shifts in24-hour factories.
(A) to the staff of
(B) to those who staff
(C) to the staffing of
(D) and staffing
(E) and the staff of C 1. 习惯搭配 from…to…排除D.E 2. 平行结构概念对等 Duty assignment是动词性名词（深深给跪）和 the staff总称名词概念不对等，排除A.B Water and resource management problems will be at the head of the legislature’s list of concerns for thecoming session.
(A) Water and resource management problems
(B) Problems of managing water and resources
(C) Problems in the management of water and other resources
(D) Problems of water and other resource management
(E) Resource management problems, including water C 1. 平行结构的并列项不能存在包含关系 A．B中resources包括water排除 2. 避免连接对象产生歧义 D中的and可以连接water和other resources共同修饰 management，也可以连接problems of water 和 other resource management，连接的对象产生歧义 3. 修饰关系合理性 Including water就近修饰problems，但是water本身并不能被problems包括，修饰关系不合理 Manifestations of Islamic politicalmilitancy in the first period of religious reformism were the rise of the Wahhabisin Arabia, the Sanusi in Cyrenaica. the Fulani in Nigeria, the Mahdi in the Sudan,and the victory of the Usuli "mujtahids"in Shiite Iran and Iraq.
(A) Manifestations of Islamic political militancy in the first period ofreligious reformism were the rise of the Wahhabis in Arabia, the Sanusi inCyrenaica, the Fulani in Nigeria, the Mahdi in the Sudan, and
(B) Manifestations of Islamic political militancy in the first period ofreligious reformism were shown in the rise of the Wahhabis in Arabia, theSanusi in Cyrenaica, the Fulani in Nigeria, the Mahdi in the Sudan,and also
(C) In the first period of religious reformism, manifestations of Islamicpolitical militancy were the rise of the Wahhabis in Arabia, of the Sanusi inCyrenaica, the Fulani in Nigeria, the Mahdi in the Sudan, and
(D) In the first period of religious reformism, manifestations of Islamicpolitical militancy were shown in the rise of the Wahhabis in Arabia, theSanusi in Cyrenaica, the Fulani in Nigeria, the Mahdi in the Sudan, and
(E) In the first period of religious reformism, Islamic political militancy wasmanifested in the rise of the Wahhabis in Arabia, the Sanusi in Cyrenaica, theFulani in Nigeria, and the Mahdi in the Sudan, and in E 1. 平行结构连接词 在这题中， the victory 应该与the rise并列 平行结构在最后一个并列项中必须加上连接词。ABCD中WA,SC,FN,MS属于同类事物，但最后一个并列项前缺少and连接，导致并列错误the victory 和逻辑上的并列对象 the rise of并列。其次，C中的the rise ofWA, OF SC, FN, MS的SC前的of破坏了平行结构的形式对称，of必须省略。排除ABCD 补充: 修饰语修饰对象的单一性。在AB中in the first period of religious reformism放在主语和谓语之间，即可以做定语修饰主语，也可以做状语修饰谓语。 相似的题目: Recently implemented "shift-workequations" based on studies of the human sleep cycle have reducedsickness, sleeping on the job, fatigue among shift workers, and have raised productionefficiency in various industries.
(A) fatigue among shift workers, and have raised
(B) fatigue among shift workers, and raised
(C) and fatigue among shift workers while raising
(D) lowered fatigue among shift workers, and raised
(E) and fatigue among shift workers was lowered while raising 最后一个fatigue前缺少连接词and Originally developed for directing airpollutants, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quicklyanalyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destorying it, is finding uses in medicine, archaelogy, and criminology.
(A) Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, a technique calledproton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elementsin almost any substance without destroying it,
(B) Orignially developed for detecting air pollutants, having the ability toanalyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it, atechnique called proton-induced X-ray emission
(C) A technique originally developed for detecting air pollutants, calledproton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elementsin almost any substance without destroying it
(D) A technique originally developed for detecting air pollutants, calledproton-induced X-ray emission, which has the ability to analyze the chemicalelements in almost any
(E) A technique that was originally developed for detecting air pollutants andhas the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substancequickly and without destroying the substance, called proton-induced X-rayemission, A 1. 平行结构 Developed for ….和 having the ability并列，放在句首做状语，但是两个状语之间缺乏连接词，排除B Developed for…,called,….which…三者并列，共同修饰technique。分词短语和从句形式不对称，不能构成平行结构，并且which前面缺少连接词。排除BCD 2. 修饰语距离 E中的called离T太远，只能就近修饰substance 3. Concise CD选项中 a technique的修饰语developed for….，called…以及which放在一起很累赘 补充： 1. 能力和可能性的区别 原句中的Can表示可能性 而have the ability to则表示有能力做什么事情 2. 名词的修饰语要尽可能有层次的放在名词前或者名词后，并且保持逻辑关系清晰。 关于跳修饰的问题，为什么C中called有修饰pollutant的可能性而A中which没有，主要是根据逻辑意思来判断（额，其实就是相比较而言不好吧，而且C中其他的错误也很明显）。 关于N, which的小结
which指代的三种情况：
1、 紧邻修饰
一般情况下，“名词，which”中的which是就近修饰紧邻的名词的。这种例子多的不胜枚举。
一般例子就不用举了，只举个比较特别例子“A of B, which”（注：这里的of表示从属关系）
The commission proposed that funding for development of the park, which could be open tothe public early next year, be obtained through a local bond issue.
Construction of the Roman Colosseum, whichwas officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, began in A.D.69, during thereign of Vespasian, and was completed the Colosseum with a one-hundred-daycycle of religious pageants, gladitorial games, and spectacles.
In laboratory rats, a low dose of aspirin usually suffices to block productionof thromboxane, a substance that promotes blood clotting, but does notseriously interfere with the production of prostacyclin,which prevents clotting.
The survival of coral colonies, whichare composed of innumerable tiny polyps living in a symbiotic relationship withbrilliantly colored algae, is being threatened, experts say, not only bypollutants such as agricultural runoff, oil slicks, and trash, but also bydropped anchors, probing divers, and global warming.
In attempting to solve the problems caused by a lowering of the price of oil,oil companies operating in the North Sea have taken a variety of approaches, which includereducing employment, using new technology to pump oil more efficiently fromsmaller fields, and finding innovative ways to cut the cost of building andoperating platforms.
这些例子都能说明从属关系“A of B，which”中的which就近修饰紧邻的名词。
2、 跳跃修饰
在前有“核心词+介词、分词等修饰结构”或者插入语的情况下，which跳跃修饰前面的核心词，不能修饰紧邻的名词。
下面是几个例子：
From the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoeabout twenty feetlong and two feet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar, which could carry four personsor eight hundred pounds of baggage yet was so light that a person could easilyportage it around impeding rapids
这句话的which离其所应该修饰的核心词canoe很远，中间隔了一个插入语，还隔了个介词结构about…，但只要知道核心词是canoe就能一目了然找到which应该指的是什么。这里不能修饰紧邻的名词cedar。
Emily Dickinson's lettersto Susan Huntington Dickinson, which were written over aperiod beginning a few years before Susan's marriage to Emily's brother andending shortly before Emily's death in 1886,outnumber her letters to anyoneelse.
这句话的which不能修饰其紧邻的名词Susan Huntington Dickinson，必须跳过介词结构to…，修饰核心词letter。
Unlike most other mergersin theutility industry, which havebeen driven by the need to save money and extend companies’ service areas, themerger of the nation’s leading gas company and leading electric company isintended to create a huge network for marketing the utilities in question asstates open their utility markets to competition.
这句话的which不能修饰其紧邻的名词utility industry，必须跳过介词结构in…，修饰核心词merger。
In order to protect English manufacturers of woolen goods against both Americanand Irish competition, England passed the Woolens Actof 1698, which prohibited the export ofwoolen cloth beyond a colony's borders.
这里的which不能修饰紧邻的1698，必须跳过介词结构of 1968修饰前面的核心词act。
有人这里会说这不是A of B，which吗？which应该紧邻修饰啊？其实不然，因为of 1968和前面的那些A of B实际上用法不一样，这里是表示时间而不是“从属关系”。这个时间应该归在介词结构一类，所以要跳过。
Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, a technique called proton-induced X-rayemission, which can quickly analyze thechemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it, is findinguses in medicine, archaeology, and criminology.
这句话的which不能修饰其紧邻的名词emission，必须跳过分词修饰结构called …，修饰核心词technique。
归纳一下，会发现which之所以要跳过介词结构是因为：其原本应该紧邻所修饰的核心名词，但是因为which的内容太长，而介词、分词等修饰结构又很短，所以把which结构后置了。
3、 特别情况 A and B, which
这个which到底修饰谁呢？是A？是B？还是A and B？
我觉得这里正确修饰方法的原则只有一个：没有歧义。
如果A and B中的B为复数（Bs），which后面动词也是复数，which指代会有歧义，让人不知道which到底指的是什么。
As and Bs, which are (which指Bs? 或 which指As and Bs？)
A and Bs, which are (which指Bs？或 which指A and Bs？)
下面情况没有歧义：
如果A和B都是单数，which后面动词复数，没有歧义，which修饰A and B。
如果B是单数（不管A是单数还是复数），which后面动词也是单数，没有歧义，which修饰B。
如果B是复数（不管A是单数还是复数）则必须要用which together，没有歧义，这时which修饰A and Bs。
举两个例子：
The human nervous system bears a superficial resemblance to a telephone systemboth because the former carries information in the form of electrical impulsesand because all of its neural pathways converge in the brain and spinal cord, which together forma kind of central exchange.
Unlike the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, which werecapable of carrying sufficient power in fuel cells and batteries for theirshort flights, a permanently orbiting space station will have to generate itsown electricity.
其实which的指代问题肯定不会只有这些，而且最准确判断which指代的方法是通过句子的逻辑意思，但是在实战中有个别GMAT题目的很难判断本意，所以准备写大方向性的小结还是必要的。 The lawyer for thedefense charged that she suspected the police of having illegally taped herconfidential conversations with her client and then used the informationobtained to find evidence supporting their murder charges.
(A) used the information obtained to find evidence supporting
(B) used such information as they obtained to find evidence supporting
(C) used the information they had obtained to find evidence that would support
(D) of using the information they had obtained to find evidence that wouldsupport
(E) of using such information as they obtained to find evidence that would besupportive of D 1. 平行结构的意思单一性 ABC中used既可以和suspected平行也可以和having taped中的taped平行 2. 用词简洁性，be supportive of故意复杂化，可以用support直接表达 | Charlotte Perkins Gilman, a late nineteenth-century feminist, called for urban apartment houses including child-care facilities and clustered suburban houses including communal eating and social facilities.
(A) including child-care facilities and clustered suburban houses including communal eating and social facilities
(B) that included child-care facilities, and for clustered suburban houses to include communal eating and social facilities
(C) with child-care facilities included and for clustered suburban houses to include communal eating and social facilities
(D) that included child-care facilities and for clustered suburban houses with communal eating and social facilities
(E) to include child-care facilities and for clustered suburban houses with communal eating and social facilities included | |
D 1. And 在语法上应该就近连接child-carefacilities and clustered suburban houses，但是逻辑上应该连接urban apartmenthouses和clustered suburban houses，连接对象引起争议 2. Call for+sth to do 永远错排除BCE 3. 意思重复 Sth with sth included, with和included意思重复排除C，E
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发表于 2014-2-23 00:01:09
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