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之前不知道什么是七宗罪，后来看了几个帖，加上字字的总结，有了这个模板，4.5分很容易。只要在考试前3天认真复习下练练手感和速度，在这个基础上用上自己积累的词汇呵GMAT训练出来的逻辑，高分也不在话下！25号2战，积攒人品！各位加油！
Seven Crimes
At first glance, the author’s argument appears to have some merits, but further reflection reveals that the argument omits some important concerns that must be addressed to substantiate the argument.
First Crime: fallacy of single cause
IN THE ARGUMENT:
The author commits a fallacy of causal oversimplification.The line of the reasoning is that because (1)A preceded/happened before B , the former event caused/was responsible for the latter. (2) A coincided with B, A is responsible for B. The author uses a positive correlation between A and B to establish causality. However, the fact that A happened before B does not necessarily prove that A is the reason for B. However, a mere positional correlation between A and B does not necessarily prove a causal relationship. So the reasoning is fallacious unless other possible causal explanations have been considered or ruled out. For example, C and D may be reasons of B as well. As a result, any decision aimed at addressing the problem of B must be based on a more thorough investigation to narrow down and locate the root cause of B.
The author commits a fallacy of causal oversimplification. The line of the reasoning is that because A preceded B, the former caused the latter. The author uses a positive correlation between A and B to establish causality. However, the mere fact that A happened before A does not necessary prove A is the reason for B. So the reasoning is fallacious unless other possible explanations have been ruled out. For example, A AND C may be the reason as well. As a result, any decision aimed at addressing the problem of B must be based on a more thorough investigation to narrow down and locate the root cause of B because A coincided with B, A is responsible for B. However, the mere positional correlation does not necessarily prove the causal relationship. IN THE CONCLUSION:
A mere fact that A precedes B is insufficient to conclude that A caused B. And without a detailed analysis of the real factors of B, it would be groundless to attribute B to A.
Second Crime: insufficient sample
A threshold problem with this argument involves the research itself. The number of the participants, xx, might be just an insufficiently small sample which cannot represent…as a whole. Also, the sample might be not necessarily representative of …, for…Unless there are enough evidences to show the unbiased and sufficient sample, it is unwarranted to draw any conclusion at all. The evidences the author provides are insufficient to support the conclusion drawn from them. One example is that ....In fact, in face of so limited evidences, the conclusion is unwarranted.
Third Crime: Insufficient Analogy
The argument rests on the assumption that A is analogous to B in all respects. This assumption is weak, since although A is similar to B to some extent, A and B share more dissimilarities. (Differences between A and B clearly outweigh the similarities, therefore making the analogy much less valid.) For example.....So it is high doubtful that strategies drawn from A are not applicable to B.
Fourth Crime: All things are equal
The author commits the fallacy of “all things being equal” The author assumes without justification that the background conditions have remained the same at different times or at different locations. ( the author unfairly assumes that A will remain unchanged over the next decades. ) However, it is not clear in this argument whether the conditions at A are the same as the conditions two years ago. Thus, it is groundless to conclude that....
Fifth Crime: Either-or choice
The author assumes that AA and BB are mutually exclusive alternatives. However, the argument fails to rule out the possibility that adjusting AA and BB might produce better results.
Sixth Crime: survey is doubtful
Sample size
Another problem that seriously weaken the logic of the argument is the sample size, which is only ...In the survey the author cited. The sample size is clearly too small to be reliable. In order to conduct a survey that shows the real situation, the author should adopt a sample size much bigger than the one in his argument.
Sample credibility
A threshold problem of the survey is that the author provides no evidence to claim that the general group as a whole is of the same characteristic. (example: if the company would like to conduct a survey to see if all their middle aged customers will have similar consumer behaviors, it should conduct a survey with the sample include only middle aged customers.)
Moreover, a possible methodology problem in the argument is that it is of bias. The word “ many “ is too vogue to be statistically meaningful. It is very possible that the people who were more interested in the survey might be likely to respond to the questionnaire. Lacking in the information about the number of workers surveyed and the number of respondents, it is impossible to assess the validity of the survey.
Questions on the survey are biased
The questions on the questionnaire may provide too less choices to select.
We have no idea whether the survey is anonymous or not.
Seventh Crime: Gratuitous Assumption.
Most conspicuously, the argument rests on the gratuitous assumption that… The author, however, cite no evidence to support this assumption. For one thing, it’s entirely possible that….For another, even it is true that….the mere fact….does not necessary indicate that….The author’s conclusion can be largely undermined because of the dubious assumption.
Good Sentences
In this argument, the author concludes ... To justify his conclusion, he cites/ points out....Although the conclusion seems plausible, after closely scrutinizing this argument, I find the argument is logically flawed in several aspects....
Despite the fact that the argument seems appealing, it has several logical flaws, and is therefore unpersuasive as it stands.
As it stands the author's argument is not compelling. To strengthen the conclusion that……, the author would have to provide more evidence that…. Supporting examples drawn from similar ….(industry or scenario) would further substantiate the author's view.the author’s conclusion that …
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发表于 2013-11-12 01:26:18
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