GWD 13-12

hougang

Q12:

A study by the Ocean Wildlife Campaign urged states to undertake a number of remedies to reverse a decline in the shark population, which includes the establishment of size limits for shark catches, closing state waters for shark fishing during pupping season, and requiring commercial fishers to have federal shark permits.

which includes the establishment of size limits for shark catches, closing

which includes establishing limits to the size of sharks that can be caught, closing

which include the establishment of size limits for shark catches, the closing of

including establishing size limits for shark catches, closing

including the establishing of limits to the size of sharks that are caught, the closing of

   Answer: bD

我认为这道题目里面including的主语是remedies.但是doing要么修饰前面整个句子，要么修饰前面句子的逻辑主语，这里如何解释修饰句子中间的一个名词短语。

所以当时我选了c，（明知道后面不并列）

请nn给予解释。

joe11

1. which 指代前面的shark population, 排除 A,B, C

2.现在分词短语有解释说明的作用， 不是单单针对remedies的

3.选项E中，the establishing, the closing, and requiring不能平行。

hougang

Thanks, joe11gg. However, I have different understanding.

1. which 指代前面的shark population, 排除 A,B, C

Can we say that shark population includes establishing limits to the size of sharks that can be caught, closing state waters for shark fishing during pupping season, and requiring commercial fishers to have federal shark permits. ?

Obviously no, it should be the remedies rather than shark population include ...............

NN's instruction highly wanted.

LES

including 是介词，不是现在分词。

另外，“并列平行，结构为先”是最重要的一条排除选项的原则。

hougang

哦，原来是这样，真是老奸巨猾的ets，现在才知道including是介词!!!

但是介词放在句首，怎么知道优先修饰前面句子中的哪个成分呢？

难道判断介词（句首处）修饰对象的原则是依照逻辑？？

LES

这个，这个......，偶也讲不清了。

hougang

up

rhod

首先，这题的判断标准是根据平行原则。

其次，介词结构的用法还是比较灵活的。介词结构可以做状语，修饰整个句子. 比如In 1949, China was liberated. 也可以作定语修饰一个名词对象，比如man in black.

GMAT里有一个考点就是判断究竟是状语还是定语, 比如OG256里面, 信里火山爆发的那一题. 所以需要根据逻辑来判断，介词结构是否正确。

从这题来看，这个including后面的成分，应该是修饰remidies.

scorpio0001

谢谢rhod 的解释，明白多了。

forjoke

本题主要是平行错。

which也可以指代远处的remedies



大全320 From the bark of the paper birch tree
the Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long and two feet wide, with small
ribs and rails of cedar, **which **could carry four persons or eight hundred pounds
of baggage so light that a person could easily portage it around
impeding rapids.