and用法

enkyklios

Sales of wines declined in the late 1980s, but they began to grow again after the 1991 report that linked moderate consumption of alcohol, and particularly of red wine, with a reduced risk of heart disease.

(A) they began to grow again after the 1991 report that linked moderate consumption of alcohol, and particularly of red wine, with a reduced risk of heart disease
(B) after the 1991 report that linked a reduced risk of heart disease with a moderate alcohol consumption, particularly red wine, they began growing again
(C) in a 1991 report, moderate alcohol consumption, and particularly of red wine, which was linked with a reduced risk of heart disease, caused them to begin to grow again
(D) with a reduced risk of heart disease linked in a 1991 report with moderate alcohol consumption, in particular red wine, they
began growing again
(E) a reduced risk of heart disease linked to moderate alcohol consumption in a 1991 report, and in particular red wine, started them growing again

OA is A

And确实有这样一种用法

When Congress reconvenes, some newly elected members from rural states will try and establish tighter restrictions for the amount of grain farmers are to be allowed to grow and to encourage more aggressive sales of United States farm products overseas.

(A) and establish tighter restrictions for the amount of grain farmers are to be allowed to grow and to encourage
(8) and establish tighter restrictions on the amount of grain able to be grown by farmers and encouraging
(C) establishing tighter restrictions for the amount of grain farmers are allowed to grow and to encourage
(D) to establish tighter restrictions on the amount of grain capable of being grown by farmers and encouraging
(E) to establish tighter restrictions on the amount of grain farmers will be allowed to grow and to encourage  
为什么and to不加逗号可以并列到that从句上边？
        
The filibuster, a parliamentary device that slows the snail’s pace that prevails even in the best of times in congressionalsessions and tests the endurance of everyone associated with it, seems more and more an anachronism in the age of telecommunications.
不加逗号的情况下and谓语可以并列到从句上边吗？

It's been difficult the last two years not being on the show as I always had a great time and the last time that I did do it, it was such a brilliant year.

kevinjpcn

看到句子首先找结构，找主谓宾，不需要详细读懂句子，只需要大概读懂。
结构是 quechuans believed that all things participated..., and quechuans claimed to...
因此and quechuans是与quechuans believed并列的两个句子，中间用and连接。
看A选项，it指代不清楚。
B选项，it指代不清楚
C选项the last用法错误，应该是the latter
果然D选项用了the latter，用法正确，而且by means of的of也是正确的（没有用to）。记得OG中考过as a means of 和as a means to的区别。
E选项directly修辞with，说不过去。而且due to用在这里修辞谁呢，也说不清楚。所以E错误。
所以答案是D

enkyklios

as well as 后接动词到底是该用什么形式，这是一比较复杂的问题，归纳起来有以下几点值得注意：

1. as well as 通常被视为介词，所以后接动词时，一般用动名词形式。如：

He sings as well as playing the piano. 他不但会弹钢琴，而且会唱歌。

As well as breaking his leg, he hurt his arm. 他不但摔断了腿，而且还伤了胳膊。

Smoking is dangerous, as well as making you smell bad. 吸烟不仅使你身上有气味，而且危险。

She is a talented musician as well as being a photographer. 她不但是摄影师还是个天才的音乐家。

注：as well as 后接动词用动名词的情况主要见于主句谓语为简单时态(即一般现在时和一般过去时)的时候。

2. 如果主句谓语为复合时态(即其中含有情态动词或助动词)，则as well as 后的动词通常要与情态动词或助动词后的动词形式保持一致。如：

Students should pursue their own interests, as well as do their school work. 学生不仅应该做要好家庭作业，而且还要有自己的兴趣。

I have to feed the animals as well as look after the children. 我不但要照顾孩子们，而且还要喂那些马。

3. 如果as well as 是连接两个不定式，则其后用不带to的不定式。如：

A museum should aim to entertain as well as educate. 博物馆不仅要有教育性还且还要有娱乐性。

We cannot expect her to do the homework as well as look after the children. 我们不能指望她既做作业又照看孩子。

4. 当as well as 用于句首时，其后习惯上要接动名词。如：

As well as eating a seven-course meal, they drank three bottles of wine. 除吃了一顿有七道菜的饭之外，他们还喝了三瓶酒。

As well as walking, he likes fishing and shooting. 他除散步之外还喜欢钓鱼和打猎。

As well as visiting Niagara Falls, we spent a day in Toronto. 我们参观了Niagara 瀑布，而且学在多伦多玩了一天。

As well as getting on everybody’s nerves, he’s got a habit of borrowing money and forgetting to pay it back. 他使得人人都感到心烦，此外，他还有个习惯，就是借了钱就忘了还。

注：as well as 有时也被视为准并列连词，后接的动词可以与主句谓语动词形式一致（但这种情形远不如用后接动名词普遍）。如：

He publishes as well as prints his own books.

And是英语中一个普通的连词，然而and并非只作并列连词用，它还具有一些不太常见的表达方式和意义，应根据上下文的特殊环境，作出判断才能准确理解其用法和意思。

1．and作并列连词，译为“和、并且”等，当连接三个以上的并列成分时，它放在最后一个成分之前，其余用逗号分开，例如：

He bought a book and a pen．他买了一本书和一支笔。

Solid，liquid and gas are the three states of matter．固态、液态和气态是物质的三种状态。

2．名词+and+名词，若这种结构表示一个概念时，and+名词相当于介词with+名词，译为“附带、兼”的意思，例如：

Noodle and egg is a kind of delicious food．（and egg=with egg）鸡蛋面是一种美味食物。

Whose is this watch and chain？（and chain＝with chain）这块带表链的手表是谁的？

3．名词复数+and+同一名词的复数，强调连续或众多的含义。例如：

There are photos and photos．照片一张接着一张。

They saw film hours and hours last week．上星期他们一小时接一小时地看电影。

4．形容词+and+形容词，这种结构形似并列，实际并非并列结构。例如：

This roon is nice and warm（＝ nicely warm）．

The coffee is nice and hot（=thoroughly hot）．

5．用and连接动词的用法：and+动词作目的状语。动词 go（come，stop等）＋and+动词，此时，and+动词相当于in order to+动词，例如：

**I'll go and bring back your boots，（go and bring back=go in order to bringback）我去把你的靴子拿来。

**and+动词，起现在分词的作用，表示方式或伴随情况。例如：

He sat and waited．（and waited=waiting）他坐着等。

**and+同一动词表示动作长时间地“继续”或“重复”，例如：

We waited and waited．我们等呀等。

6．用来补充语意起强调作用，例如：

You have to send in the application and（that）without delay．你得交上申请表格，不能拖延。

He can express his ideas in English and（that） effectiyely．他能用英语准确地表达自己的想法。

7．用来连接一句祈使句和一句陈述句，这里祈使句+and相当于if…，例如：

Persevere，and you will succeed．

Make haste，and you will get there in time．

以上两句分别改为：

If you persevere，you will succeed．

If you make haste，you will get there in time．

8．用于插入语中作为一种评语，例如：

He has a somewhat swelled head，and I don't like this．

They refused to sign the agreement and that's not surprising which put us in anawkward position．

9．表示对比，例如：

Mary likes music and Jim is fond of sports．

He was so rich and lived like a beggar．

10．表示条件，例如：

Use your head，and you'll find a way．

Think it over again and you'll find a way out．

11．表示因果关系，例如：

He heard a cry for help，and he rushed ont of the house．

12．表示先后顺序，例如：

He read for an hour and went to bed

13．表示意义增补，例如：

He is Jack of all trades and master of none．

14．用and连接比较级，表示程度逐步增强，意思是“越来越”，例如：

In winter the day is getting shorter and shorter．冬季，白天变得越来越短。

15．用and重叠句子表示“又、再”，例如：

We read the book again and again．我们反复阅读这本书。

16．表示时间的一致性，例如：

She slept and dreamed last night．

17．用来加强其后面的词或词组，例如：

She has lost her pencil and that one is new．

18．有时形容词的同位语由and引出，此时译为“即，也就是”，例如：

The third and last point is how to be a good student．第三点，也就是最后一点，是如何成为一名优秀的学生。

19．表示递进，例如：

He did the work and he did it well．

20．用在句子的开头以表示连续性和惊讶的意思，例如：

And he said to John．接着他对约翰说。

And is it true？这是真的吗？

21．连接数词，译为“加”，例如：

4 and 2makes 6．4加2等于6。

22．and构成习语，例如：

Ways and means，part and parcel，heart and soul，pick and choose．

23．构成一些短语，例如：

and so（所以），and so on（等等），and then（然后，其次），and yet（然而）…

kevinjpcn

enkyklios，
indivudual表示个人，单独的。
亲。
我认为不需要理解主语，只要知道主语是复数就OK。能作出题更重要。不知道对否

enkyklios

kevinjpcn 发表于 2013-6-6 21:56
enkyklios，
indivudual表示个人，单独的。
亲。

嗯，有道理！

我以为quechuans是一个哲学家，所以我把many individual当成了主语， quechuans claimed当成了插入成分或者定语，结果找不到谓语了。
后来一看只有一个动词那没有办法只能接受，但是觉得很郁闷。

enkyklios

i have no problems with OA, but in A：
Sales of wines declined in the late 1980s, but they began to grow again after the 1991 report that linked moderate consumption of alcohol, and particularly of red wine, with a reduced risk of heart disease.
and particularly of red wine 这个词语的用法搞不清楚，有如下疑问：
觉得不应该加and！原因：
1、因为这是一个同位语结构，加and等于另起一个新的句子，结构混乱
2、and前面有逗号的时候，and后面应该是一个完整的句子。

我这样理解哪里错了呢？谢谢NN们指导！感恩！

fausttao

http://forum.chasedream.com/thread-830525-1-1.html