限定词及分类 ■按照限定词与限定词的相互搭配关系,限定词可分为前位限定词(pre-determiner)、中位限定词(central determiner)和后位限定词(post-determiner)。 ■限定词的相互搭配关系为:前位+中位+后位 ■在这三类限定词中,前位限定词与前位限定词以及中位限定词与中位限定词是相互排斥的,后位限定词与后位限定词之间虽不相互排斥但有搭配限制。 ■中位限定词包括: 冠词:a(n), the 指示代词:this, that, these, those 形容词性物主代词:my, your, his, her, our, etc 名词属格:Jim’s, my mother’s 不定代词:some, any, no, every, each, either, neither, enough, etc 连接代词what(ever), which(ever), whose, etc ■前位限定词包括:all, both, half; double, twice, three times, etc; one-third, two-fifths, etc; what, such, (a / an)等(www.yygrammar.com)。 ■后位限定词包括:one, two, three, etc; first, second, third, etc; next, last, other, another, etc; many, much, (a) few, (a) little, fewer, (the) fewest, less, (the) least, more, most; several, plenty of, a lot of, lots of, a great / large / good number of, a great / good deal of, a large / small amount of; such等。
二、几种特殊的形式宾语 通常意义的形式宾语主要见于真正宾语为不定式、动名词、从句等且其后跟有宾语补足语时的情形,即用于“动词+it+宾语补足语+真正的宾语”这样的结构,但以下几类形式宾语却比较特殊,其后没有宾语补足语。 1. 动词+ it + that-从句 I like it that you came. 你来了,我很高兴。 I take it (that) he will come on time. 我认为他会准时来的。 You can put it that it was arranged before. 你可以说这是以前安排的。 Rumor has it that the defence minister will soon resign. 据传闻,国防部长不久就要辞职。 【注】能用于此结构的动词不多,常见的有 have, take, put, like 等。(from www.yygrammar.com) 2. 动词 + it + when (if)-从句 I dislike it when you whistle. 我不爱听你吹口哨。 We really appreciate it when she offered to help. 她来帮忙了,我们十分感激。 I’d prefer it if I didn’t have to do so much work. 要是我不必做那么多工作,好就太好了。 【注】能用于此结构的动词不多,常见的有 enjoy, hate, love, like, dislike, appreciate, prefer 等。
四、不可直接接宾语从句的情况。 在like, enjoy, love, hate, take 等表“喜怒哀乐”的动词,后若要跟宾语从句,需跟形式宾语 it。 I hate it when people talk with their mouths full. 我不喜欢人们满口饭说话。 I like it that everyone passed the exam. 都通过了考试我很喜欢。 五、不可直接跟that从句的情况。 下列动词不可直接接that从句:ask, refuse, let, like, cause, force, condemn, admire, celebrate, entreat, dislike(厌恶), overlook, love, help, take, forgive, bid, hate, hear(听见), see(看见), want(想要) 等,但可用it, the fact做媒介,后接that从句;或接动名词、不定式。例如: He overlooked it that he had made another mistake. (正确) 他忽视了一件事,他又犯了一个错误。 He overlooked the fact that he had made another mistake. (正确) He overlooked that he had made another mistake. (错误) I admire it that they won the match. (正确) I admire the fact that they won the match. (正确) 我很羡慕,他们赢得了比赛。 I admire that they won the match. (错误)
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