关于this、these单独指代问题

yiqing2012

Because there are provisions of the new martiime code that provide that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas they have already stimulated international disputes over uninhabited islands.(A) Because there are provisions of the new martiime code that provide that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas they have already stimulated
(B) Because the new martime code provides that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, it has already stimulated
(C) Even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas under provisions of the new martime code, already stimulating.
(D) Because even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas under provisions of the new maritime code, this has already stimulated
(E) Because even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas under provisions of the new martime code, which is already stimulating


这道题我在排除D的时候，是看到this直接排除了，prep在这道题中的解释中也说明“this不可以单独指代”。
但是prep在另一道题关于单独指代的解释和这里有出入：

Besides adding complementary flavors to many foods, hot sauces stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, just as exercise does, and these have a pain-relieving effect like morphine's.

(A)hot sauces stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, just as exercise does, and these have a pain-relieving effect like morphine's

(B)hot sauces stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, like exercise, and they have a pain-relieving effect that is like morphine

(C)hot sauces and exercise both stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, and they have a pain-relieving effect like morphine

(D)the release of endorphins in the brain is stimulated both by hot sauces and exercise, and they have a pain-relieving effect like morphine's

(E)the release of endorphins in the brain is stimulated by hot sauces, just as with exercise, and these have a pain-relieving effect like that of morphine

Key：A。

小结：

1)除非很明显，this\these不能单独指代，要补出后面的名词。

2)they指代前面出现的对象，these指代离它最近的对象，指代都要满足逻辑符合，主谓一致的要求。

3)当they前出现两个以上主谓符合的对象时，视其为指代不清。而these前出现两个以上主谓符合的对象时，可以就近指代，比they更佳。
我之前不记得在哪里看到的类似的解释是：只要these、this在句子中做主语，且指代离它最近的对象，那么单独指代也是对的。

那么D：Because even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas under provisions of the new maritime code, this has already stimulated...中this是后面一个句子的主语，且它指代最近的对象code,那么这里的this是不是不应该像prep中所说的“不可单独指代”？

求NN们解答~~~

yiqing2012

ddd~~~~

yiqing2012

为什么木有人。。。。

walt77

楼主 你问的问题很好！
Besides adding complementary flavors to many foods, hot sauces stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, just as exercise does, and these have a pain-relieving effect like morphine's.

(A)hot sauces stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, just as exercise does, and these have a pain-relieving effect like morphine's

(B)hot sauces stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, like exercise, and they have a pain-relieving effect that is like morphine

(C)hot sauces and exercise both stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, and they have a pain-relieving effect like morphine

(D)the release of endorphins in the brain is stimulated both by hot sauces and exercise, and they have a pain-relieving effect like morphine's

(E)the release of endorphins in the brain is stimulated by hot sauces, just as with exercise, and these have a pain-relieving effect like that of morphine

Key：A。

这题是个特例  100% 中的  1%

代词不能单独指代 这个原则 始终有效！

但是在这道题目中，我们只能当做 有效性原则 来做，“不可单独指代”在这题中 不是 split

this problem is the only exception we have ever seen to this rule, so we're probably going to leave the general principle in the guide.
i.e., if a rule is correct 99% of the time, then it's a pretty good rule -- the other 1% is an acceptable sacrifice, especially if understanding that 1% would make the other 99% less clear.

if we encounter more exceptions, of course, we will do some serious re-thinking of the issue.


http://www.manhattangmat.com/forums/besides-adding-complementary-flavors-t3219-15.html
请看最后一楼！

yiqing2012

楼主 你问的问题很好！
Besides adding complementary flavors to many foods, hot sauces stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, just as exercise does, and these have a pain-relieving effect like morphine's.

(A)hot sauces stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, just as exercise does, and these have a pain-relieving effect like morphine's

(B)hot sauces stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, like exercise, and they have a pain-relieving effect that is like morphine

(C)hot sauces and exercise both stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, and they have a pain-relieving effect like morphine

(D)the release of endorphins in the brain is stimulated both by hot sauces and exercise, and they have a pain-relieving effect like morphine's

(E)the release of endorphins in the brain is stimulated by hot sauces, just as with exercise, and these have a pain-relieving effect like that of morphine

Key：A。

这题是个特例  100% 中的  1%

代词不能单独指代 这个原则 始终有效！

但是在这道题目中，我们只能当做 有效性原则 来做，“不可单独指代”在这题中 不是 split

this problem is the only exception we have ever seen to this rule, so we're probably going to leave the general principle in the guide.
i.e., if a rule is correct 99% of the time, then it's a pretty good rule -- the other 1% is an acceptable sacrifice, especially if understanding that 1% would make the other 99% less clear.

if we encounter more exceptions, of course, we will do some serious re-thinking of the issue.


http://www.manhattangmat.com/forums/besides-adding-complementary-flavors-t3219-15.html
请看最后一楼！

-- by 会员 walt77 (2012/10/31 0:33:47)

thks~
其实确实不用太纠结，毕竟这种特殊情况发生概率很小，即使碰上了可以按照PREP的结论加上排除法做也不一定会做错，没有必要为了这不到1%概率的事情而纠结。。。
O(∩_∩)O~

DUKB24

对

LZ你的总结戳中了rare exception的核心


just remember

yiqing2012

thks~~
还有，DUKB我想问你一下你在其它帖子回答别人的一个问题（那个帖子我回复了，不过估计你没看见。。。）

1、In Greek theology the supreme beingwas Esaugetu Emissee (Master of Breath), who dwelt in an upper realm inwhich the sky was the floor, and who had the power to give and to take awaythe breath of life.
A.in which the sky was the floor, and who hadthe power to give and to take
B.where the sky was the floor, having thepower to give and to take
C.whose floor was the sky, and who has thepower of giving and of taking
D.in which the sky was the floor, with thepower of giving and taking
E.whose floor was the sky, having the power togive and take

你的解答是：1. I’m not quite sure whether where and in which are interchangeable here... It is not a good split to me

B. there is no ambiguity in having （it modifies the preceding clause）；the usage of having here does not make sense..we need a noun modifier

你对B的having理解是不是：既然都是修饰Esaugetu Emissee这个人 ，没有必要一个用who引导的定从来修饰，一个又用ving来修饰（主系表结构中的句末，ving不表伴随，只起到修饰主句主语的作用是不是？）

另外，关于have the power to do和have the power of doing ，在表示动作的时候，have the power to do是不是应该比have the power of doing 要好？（我在字典中只找到了the power of  sth的用法。。。）

DUKB24

thks~~
还有，DUKB我想问你一下你在其它帖子回答别人的一个问题（那个帖子我回复了，不过估计你没看见。。。）

1、In Greek theology the supreme beingwas Esaugetu Emissee (Master of Breath), who dwelt in an upper realm inwhich the sky was the floor, and who had the power to give and to take awaythe breath of life.
A.in which the sky was the floor, and who hadthe power to give and to take
B.where the sky was the floor, having thepower to give and to take
C.whose floor was the sky, and who has thepower of giving and of taking
D.in which the sky was the floor, with thepower of giving and taking
E.whose floor was the sky, having the power togive and take

你的解答是：1. I’m not quite sure whether where and in which are interchangeable here... It is not a good split to me

B. there is no ambiguity in having （it modifies the preceding clause）；the usage of having here does not make sense..we need a noun modifier

你对B的having理解是不是：既然都是修饰Esaugetu Emissee这个人 ，没有必要一个用who引导的定从来修饰，一个又用ving来修饰（主系表结构中的句末，ving不表伴随，只起到修饰主句主语的作用是不是？）

另外，关于have the power to do和have the power of doing ，在表示动作的时候，have the power to do是不是应该比have the power of doing 要好？（我在字典中只找到了the power of  sth的用法。。。）

-- by 会员 yiqing2012 (2012/11/1 0:14:49)

of doing和to do 那个是习语上的问题吧？这个我不太确定，我复习SC从来不记习语的..GMAT也很少只把习语作为单独的split


having 这里用法就是错的，不对的


这个have的主语是人，所以have应该被包在从句里面


having这个成分变成了adverbial modifier，修饰了前面的 the sky was the floor
明显不符合逻辑

yiqing2012

你正好点到了我想问的问题：
主谓宾/主系表,Ving结构中Ving修饰S，且主谓宾结构中ving做谓语的伴随状语，这个很清楚；

但如果宾语或者表语后又有了一个从句，例如本题In Greek theology the supreme beingwas Esaugetu Emissee (Master of Breath), who dwelt in an upper realm in which the sky was the floor, where the sky was the floor, having the power to give and to take away the breath of life.
这里的having是不是就不是修饰主句，而是修饰最近的含有动词的句子：the sky was the floor?

感觉这里和with引导的独立主格有点像：Orb-weaving spiders such as the argiope build webs that are essentially wheel-like
, with an outer rim and a number of spokes emanating from the hub.
虽然平常说with引导独立主格的时候，都是表示和主句主语相关的N.的伴随动作或状态等，但是这里with前最近的动词是are，不是主句谓语build，所以with伴随修饰that are essentially wheel-like，而非主句。

不知道这样理解对不对？

yiqing2012

对了，恭喜杀G成功！O(∩_∩)O~