（弄完了，发上来才能安心睡啊！！！）关于V-ing搭配逗号出现的研究---也就是我们总提起的doing啊啊啊啊啊啊啊啊啊

jeffery2541

看后面的内容之前，先读一下OG中出现过的逗号和V-ing结合出现的句子，体会一下其中的意思，感知一下不同。




OG12中含有被逗号分隔开的V-ing的句子：
16.Retail sales rose 0.8 of 1 percent in August, intensifying expectations that personal spending in the July-September quarter would more than double the 1.4 percent growth rate in personal spending for the previous quarter.
21.Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are now drawing solid conclusions about how the human brain grows and how babies acquire language.
23.Once designed with its weight concentrated in a metal center, the discus used in track competition is now lined with lead around the perimeter, thereby improving stability in flight and resulting in longer throws.
25.Using accounts of various ancient writers, scholars have painted a sketchy picture of the activities of an all-female cult that, perhaps as early as the sixth century B.C., worshipped a goddess known in Latin as Bona Dea, "the good goddess".
28.Building on civilizations that preceded them in coastal Peru, the Mochica developed their own elaborate society, based on the cultivation of such crops as corn and beans, the harvesting of fish and seafood, and the exploitation of other wild and domestic resources.
30.For members of the seventeenth-century Ashanti nation in Africa, animal-hide shields with wooden frames were essential items of military equipment, protecting warriors against enemy arrows and spears.
36.Dressed as a man and using the name Robert Shurtleff, Deborah Sampson, the first woman to draw a soldier's pension, joined the Continental Army in 1782 at the age of 22, was injured three times, and was discharged in 1783 because she had become too ill to serve.
47.Five fledgling sea eagles left their nests in western Scotland this summer, bringing to 34 the number of wild birds successfully raised since transplants from Norway began in 1975.
61.Rivaling the pyramids of Egypt or even the ancient cities of the Maya as an achievement, the army of terra-cotta warriors created to protect Qin Shi Huang, China's first emperor, in his afterlife is more than 2,000 years old and took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to complete.
65.In a plan to stop the erosion of East Coast beaches, the Army Crops of Engineers proposed building parallel to shore a breakwater of rocks that would rise six feet above the waterline and act as a buffer, absorbing the energy of crashing waves and protecting the beaches.
67.Affording strategic proximity to the Strait Gibraltar, Morocco was also of interest to the French throughout the first half of the twentieth century because they assumed that without it their trip on Algeria would never be secure.
73.Combining enormous physical strength with higher intelligence, the Neanderthals appear to have been equipped to face any obstacle the environment could put in their path, but their relatively sudden disappearance during the Paleolithic era indicates that an inability to adapt to some environmental change led to their extinction.
78.Fossils of the arm of a sloth, found in Puerto Rico in 1991, have been dated at 34 million years old, making the sloth the earliest known mammal on the Greater Antilles Islands.
94.The recent surge in the number of airplane flights has clogged the nation's air-traffic control system, leading to a 55 percent increase in delays at airports and prompting fear among some officials that safety is being compromised.
95.The peaks of a mountain range, acting like rocks in a streambed, produce ripples in the air flowing over them；the resulting flow pattern, with crests and troughs that remain stationary although the air that forms them is moving rapidly, is known as "standing waves".
133.Last week local shrimpers held a news conference to take some credit for the resurgence of the rate Kemp's ridley turtle, saying that their compliance with laws requiring turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets is protecting adult sea turtles.
135.Spanning more than 50 years, Friedrich Muller's career began in an unpromising apprenticeship as a Sanskrit scholar and culminated in virtually every honor that European governments and learned societies could bestow.




OG13中含有被逗号分隔开的V-ing的句子：
18.Warning that computers in the United States are not secure, the National Academy of Science has urged the nation to revamp computer security procedures, institute new emergency response teams, and create a special nongovernment organization to take charge of computer security planning.
48.Though being called a sea, the landlocked Caspian is actually the largest lake on Earth, covering more than four times the surface area of its closest rival in size, North America’s Lake Superior.
65.Digging in sediments in northern China, scientists have gathered evidence suggesting that complex life-forms emerged much earlier than previously thought.
68.Outlining his strategy for nursing the troubled conglomerate (企业，集团) back to health, the chief executive announced plans Wednesday to cut the company’s huge debt by selling nearly $12 billion in assets over the next 18 months.
69.Affording strategic proximity to the Strait of Gibraltar, Morocco was also of interest to the French throughout the first half of the twentieth century because they assumed that without it their grip (支配) on Algeria would never be secure.
76.Combining enormous physical strength with higher intelligence, the Neanderthals appear to have been equipped to face any obstacle the environment could put in their path, but their relatively sudden disappearance during the Paleolithic era indicates that an inability to adapt to some environmental change led to their extinction.
79.Ryunosuke Akutagawa’s knowledge of the literatures of Europe, China, and Japan was instrumental (有帮助的) in his development as a writer, informing (弥漫；激活：It is this brash, backroom sensibility that informs his work as a novelist) both his literary style and the content of his fiction.
81.Fossils of the arm of a sloth, found in Puerto Rico in 1991, have been dated at 34 million years old, making the sloth the earliest known mammal on the Greater Antilles Islands.
87.According to scientists who monitored its path, an expanding cloud of energized particles ejected from the Sun recently triggered a large storm in the magnetic field that surrounds Earth, brightening the Northern Lights and possibly knocking out a communications satellite.
133.Last week local shrimpers held a news conference to take some credit for the resurgence of the rare Kemp’s ridley turtle, saying that their compliance with laws requiring turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets is protecting adult sea turtles.




逗号和V-ing的结合方式有3种：
I·逗号将V-ing在句中分隔开
II·逗号将句首的V-ing与主句分隔开
III·逗号将句尾的V-ing与主句分隔开
下面按照上面的分类来看一下V-ing的用法：





I包含2个句子：
21.Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are now drawing solid conclusions about how the human brain grows and how babies acquire language.
95.The peaks of a mountain range, acting like rocks in a streambed, produce ripples in the air flowing over them；the resulting flow pattern, with crests and troughs that remain stationary although the air that forms them is moving rapidly, is known as "standing waves".




这个群体中，V-ing充当noun modifier来修饰之前的名词，V-ing的逻辑主语就是被修饰名词（如果不符合逻辑，可以视为绝对性错误）；因为是在句中被逗号分隔开，所以可以看做插入的成分；从修饰作用的角度来看，是非限定性的修饰成分，如此看来，没有逗号分隔的V-ing可以视为限定性的修饰成分。








II中包含10个句子：
25.Using accounts of various ancient writers, scholars have painted a sketchy picture of the activities of an all-female cult that, perhaps as early as the sixth century B.C., worshipped a goddess known in Latin as Bona Dea, "the good goddess".
28.Building on civilizations that preceded them in coastal Peru, the Mochica developed their own elaborate society, based on the cultivation of such crops as corn and beans, the harvesting of fish and seafood, and the exploitation of other wild and domestic resources.
36.Dressed as a man and using the name Robert Shurtleff, Deborah Sampson, the first woman to draw a soldier's pension, joined the Continental Army in 1782 at the age of 22, was injured three times, and was discharged in 1783 because she had become too ill to serve.
61.Rivaling the pyramids of Egypt or even the ancient cities of the Maya as an achievement, the army of terra-cotta warriors created to protect Qin Shi Huang, China's first emperor, in his afterlife is more than 2,000 years old and took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to complete.
67.Affording strategic proximity to the Strait Gibraltar, Morocco was also of interest to the French throughout the first half of the twentieth century because they assumed that without it their trip on Algeria would never be secure.
73.Combining enormous physical strength with higher intelligence, the Neanderthals appear to have been equipped to face any obstacle the environment could put in their path, but their relatively sudden disappearance during the Paleolithic era indicates that an inability to adapt to some environmental change led to their extinction.
135.Spanning more than 50 years, Friedrich Muller's career began in an unpromising apprenticeship as a Sanskrit scholar and culminated in virtually every honor that European governments and learned societies could bestow.
---
18.Warning that computers in the United States are not secure, the National Academy of Science has urged the nation to revamp computer security procedures, institute new emergency response teams, and create a special nongovernment organization to take charge of computer security planning.
65.Digging in sediments in northern China, scientists have gathered evidence suggesting that complex life-forms emerged much earlier than previously thought.
68.Outlining his strategy for nursing the troubled conglomerate (企业，集团) back to health, the chief executive announced plans Wednesday to cut the company’s huge debt by selling nearly $12 billion in assets over the next 18 months.




这个群体中，我认为V-ing还是一种修饰成分，表达出来的意思就是“主语怎么了”，标绿色阴影的句子中，V-ing单纯描述主语的某种性质或某方面特点，标蓝色阴影的句子中，V-ing是主句谓语发生的先决条件；V-ing的逻辑主语是主句主语（如果不符合逻辑，可以视为绝对性错误）。








III中包含10个句子：
16.Retail sales rose 0.8 of 1 percent in August, intensifying expectations that personal spending in the July-September quarter would more than double the 1.4 percent growth rate in personal spending for the previous quarter.
23.Once designed with its weight concentrated in a metal center, the discus used in track competition is now lined with lead around the perimeter, thereby improving stability in flight and resulting in longer throws.
我认为这个句子中improving是结果状语。
30.For members of the seventeenth-century Ashanti nation in Africa, animal-hide shields with wooden frames were essential items of military equipment, protecting warriors against enemy arrows and spears.
47.Five fledgling sea eagles left their nests in western Scotland this summer, bringing to 34 the number of wild birds successfully raised since transplants from Norway began in 1975.
65.In a plan to stop the erosion of East Coast beaches, the Army Crops of Engineers proposed building parallel to shore a breakwater of rocks that would rise six feet above the waterline and act as a buffer, absorbing the energy of crashing waves and protecting the beaches.
我认为这个句子中absorbing和protecting是结果状语。
78.Fossils of the arm of a sloth, found in Puerto Rico in 1991, have been dated at 34 million years old, making the sloth the earliest known mammal on the Greater Antilles Islands.
94.The recent surge in the number of airplane flights has clogged the nation's air-traffic control system, leading to a 55 percent increase in delays at airports and prompting fear among some officials that safety is being compromised.
133.Last week local shrimpers held a news conference to take some credit for the resurgence of the rate Kemp's ridley turtle, saying that their compliance with laws requiring turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets is protecting adult sea turtles.
---
48.Though called a sea, the landlocked Caspian is actually the largest lake on Earth, covering more than four times the surface area of its closest rival in size, North America’s Lake Superior.
79.Ryunosuke Akutagawa’s knowledge of the literatures of Europe, China, and Japan was instrumental (有帮助的) in his development as a writer, informing both his literary style and the content of his fiction.
(弥漫；激活：It is this brash, backroom sensibility that informs his work as a novelist)




这个群体中，V-ing的作用大体分为两种，充当名词修饰语和充当句子的状语。充当名词修饰语时，修饰主句主语，主语谓语为Be，V-ing的逻辑主语是句子主语，但是不是所有主语谓语为Be的句子后的V-ing都是修饰主句主语的，比如上面的第23句（虽然主句谓语为Be，但是这个Be表示被动，并不单纯表示状态，这个句子依然可以有结果状语）；充当句子状语时，又可以分为两种情况：a句子的结果状语：充当结果状语时，V-ing没有单纯的逻辑主语，可以理解为其逻辑主语是前面的主语以及发生的动作，也就是说，造成结果的原因不是单一的一个名词或动作，而是一个事实（主谓结构来展现），即主句主谓描述的内容；b句子的伴随状语：充当伴随状语时，V-ing有明确的逻辑主语，且逻辑主语必须是主句的主语（主句的谓语不能是表示状态的Be），V-ing的动作是在主句动作发生的过程内发生的（我不说两者是同时发生的的原因是，这样说会造成我认为两者是同时开始同时结束的，实际上，主句动作发生的过程中，V-ing的动作不必一定一直发生）












总结一下：
1·I和II相对简单明确，不再赘述；
2·看到逗号与V-ing搭配出现在句尾时，要首先从意思上考察它的作用是什么，再根据上面总结的规则来判断选项呈现出的形式是否可以正确起到该作用；
3·重复一遍逗号与V-ing搭配出现在句尾时的规则：
a） V-ing修饰名词时，只能修饰主句主语，主句的谓语必须是Be；
b） V-ing表示伴随状语时，其逻辑主语必是主句主语，即主语主语能够发出V-ing的动作，且V-ing动作发生在主句动作发生的过程内；
c） V-ing表示结果状语时，其没有单纯的逻辑主语，造成V-ing动作的原因是整个主句主谓描述的内容；
4·如果一个V-ing不能起到上述的3个作用中的任何一个的话，那么这个V应该是以谓语的形式出现；




















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上述内容可能有不成熟之处，欢迎提出讨论。












Jeffery2541







安心睡去。。。

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今天又看到prep上一个题目，不知道大家怎么理解？
133.In the past several years, astronomers have detected more than 80 massive planets, most of them as large or larger than Jupiter, which circle other stars.
(A) most of them as large or larger than Jupiter, which circle
(B) most of them as large or larger than Jupiter and circling
(C) most of them at least as large as Jupiter, circling
(D) mostly at least as large as Jupiter, which circle（C）
(E) mostly as large or larger than Jupiter, circling
我的理解是这个circling，不是状语成分，而是名词（80 massive planets）的修饰语，most of them at least as large as Jupiter是插入成分，Circling实际上不是逗号分隔开的V-ing，而是紧邻名词后的名词后置定语。

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补充一点对“伴随状语”的理解：可以说这里提到的伴随状语是广义上的，并不是V-ing的动作就是和主句谓语动词真的同时发生，并不一定是“一边…一边…”的意思，除此之外，V-ing还可以表示对主句动作的详细说明，比如，主句动作说的是一个概括的过程，而V-ing会解释这个过程中具体的动作都是什么。

DUKB24

总结得不错

说白了就三种用法：noun modifier，verb modifier，adverbial modifier (just use the context and structure to determine）

yakev6

不错的总结！

yolander910102

谢谢分享

sky2012

sdsdsds

DUKB24

有心啊。。当初也一直想总结下。太懒了

sisichen666

顶起！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！

jeffery2541

不错的总结！

-- by 会员 yakev6 (2012/9/14 2:35:11)

谢谢鼓励~

jeffery2541

谢谢分享

-- by 会员 yolander910102 (2012/9/14 3:45:48)

不客气~

jeffery2541

sdsdsds

-- by 会员 sky2012 (2012/9/14 3:54:38)