that of 和 those of用法

cyvivi

各位牛牛俺对这两个用法完全不懂，有没有高人举例说明啊
小女不胜感激！！

charlenelee

指代单数的用that 指代复数用those 建议lz去看manhattan的sc 讲得很清楚

abjure

those 和 these
（1）首先：使用代词的时候，首先我们考虑需不需要且能不能使用代词“those/these”， 即前面有语法正确（单复数一致）语义恰当且不模糊。这点和其他代词一样功能一致。
OG 12-85
(Correct)Salt deposits and moisture threaten to destory the Mohenjo-Daro excavation in Pakistan,the site of an ancient civilization that flourished at the same time as the civilizations（因为前面句子没有复数名词civilizations 可以作为指代对象，所以正确选项直接用civiliaztion 代替错误选项 those） in the Nile Delta and the river valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates.


（2）其次：我们要特别考虑those/these 有没有Modifer， 因为作为指示代词those/these不可以“裸奔”，即不可以没有Modifer的情况下进行指代 （exception 非常平行的情况下除外，例子我要找找）。
Modfier 可以很多， (+Noun) those people, those pigs 或者(+介词短语，如下)
OG 12- 7

As its sales of computer products have surpassed those of measuring instruments, the company has become increasely willing to compete for the mass market sales it would in the past have conceded to rivals. (Correct)  

（3）最后我们要搞清楚modifer 应该在什么位置： 答案是“紧邻修饰”。
例如不要搞出这么错误结构“those  (verb) (in.....)” 即中间插一个“动词” 。


那我们再看看一道错误选项

OG12-85. 体会下这里的those 和modifer “in the Nile Delta .... Euphrates”被一个动词 “did” 隔开了，这样是不对的。
(Wrong) Salt deposits and moisture threaten to destroy the
Mohenjo-Daro excavation in Pakistan, the site of an
ancient civilization flourishing at the same time as those did in the Nile Delta and the river valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates.

DUKB24

abjure哥好样的。。。。

这个问题我都不知道怎么解释。。。


你来了刚好

abjure

"that of"
（一）我们先看以下正确三个例子，即 “that” 必须出现，除非作者用其他名词代替。

（1）OG12-43
Laos has a land area comparable to that of Great Britain but a population of only four million people,many of whom are members of hill tribes ensconced in the virtually inaccessible mountain valleys of the north.  
（2）OG-12-69
Once they had seen the report from the medical examiner,the investigators had no doubt that the body recovered from the river was that of the man who had attempted to escape from the state prison.

(3) OG-12-96
One of the primary distinctions between our intelligence and that of other primates may lie not so much in any specific skill as in our ability to extend knowledge gained in one context to new and different ones.

LZ在想没有了"that" 会发生什么事情？
会不会发现比较不对等（例子1）， 逻辑意思不正确（例句2，3）。


（二） "THAT" 可以省略掉，但是加上也不算错，但在平行的原则下，简洁优先。
OG12-82: According to a recent poll,owning and living in a freestanding house on its own land is still a goal of a majority of young adults,as it was of earlier generations.


（三）"THAT" 多余的情况：//其实就是第一大类的反例
OG12-92 The energy source on Voyager 2 is not a nuclear
reactor, in which atoms are actively broken apart, but rather that of a kind of nuclear battery that uses natural
radioactive decay to produce power.

OG12-16. Retail sales rose 0.8 of 1 percent in August,
intensifying expectations that personal spending in
the July–September quarter more than doubled that
of the 1.4 percent growth rate in personal spending
for the previous quarter.

abjure

哈哈，废话一大楼，

其实作为指示代词，that of 和those of 就像“charlenelee” 说的是单复数的问题。

假如说到区别，

（1）“that”比“those”出现的的多的多，GMAC还是偏好单数！

-------估计是因为"that“四个字母，”those“ 五个字母比较简洁！！！哈哈。

（2）that 的用法更加灵活， 所以that作为代词的时候，估计不会像”those“用其modifer的位置作为考点，

灵活性见前人对”that"总结//个人不确定这些表述是否被GMAC接受，但是大家凑合看先。

一、that用作代词，指上文提到的人或事物(单数名词)，且需一个后置定语来修饰，此时that不可省。
　　 Their cotton output of 1997 was double than that of 1987.
　　 Mary's handwriting is far better than that of Peter.

二、that用作连词，在so...that, such...that, in order that 等引导的状语从句中，that不可省。
　　 They started so early that they might arrive in time.
　　 It is such a heavy box that nobody can move it.
　　 He worked hard in order that he might catch up with the others.

三、that用作连词，引导主语从句时，当它放在主句谓语动词之前时，that不可省。
　　 That he came late made his teacher angry.
　　 That she was chosen made us very happy.
　　如用it作形式主语，把从句置于谓语动词之后时，that可以省略。例如：
　　 It is a pity(that) he has made such a mistake.
　　 It is obvious(that) he is right.

四、that用作连词，引导表语从句和同位语从句时，that不可省。
　　 The news that our team has won the match is true.
　　 My idea is that we should get more comrades to do t he work.

五、that用作连词，引导宾语从句时，如主句的谓语动词是及物动词make,find,see等时，且后有宾语补足语时，that引导的从句可置于宾语补足语之后，用it作形式宾语，此时that不可省。
　　 We find it necessary that he will succeed.
　　 He made it clear that he was not interested in this subject.

六、that用作关系代词，引导定语从句时，当它作为从句的主语时，that不可省。
　　 All that have to do is to practise every day.
　　 That's the same man that asked me for money yesterd ay.
　　但如that作从句的宾语时，that可省略。
　　 The letter(that) I received was from my father.

七、在强调句型 It iswas...that结构中，that不可省。
　　 It is English that Professor Li teaches us.
　　 It was in Shanghai that I saw the film.

abjure

最后补充一个指代模糊相对性的例子, those 在OG12-91 正确句子没有指代任何对象。

Nobody knows exactly how many languages there are in the world,partly because of the difficult of distinguishing between a language and the sublanguages or dialects within it,but those who have tried to count typically have found about five thousand.



Manhattan的解释：
If the pronoun shows up in all five answer choices, you have to accept its use even if it seems ambiguous or doesn’t have a clear referent. Now if some choices are ambiguous or without antecedent but others clear up the confusion, you can eliminate the problematic answer choices..

cyvivi

感激啊！谢谢说的那么详细！！

DUKB24

跪了。。。。

瓦利哥

给跪。。。