PREP08笔记 215.（GWD-3-Q3）的解释不太明白

miraclle

215.(GWD-3-Q3)
A study by the Ocean Wildlife Campaign urged states to undertake a number of remedies to reverse a decline in the shark population, which includes the establishment of size limits for shark catches, closing state waters for shark fishing during pupping season, and requiring commercial fishers to have federal shark permits.

A.which includes the establishment of size limits for shark catches, closing

B.which includes establishing limits to the size of sharks that can be caught, closing

C.which include the establishment of size limits for shark catches, the closing of

D.including establishing size limits for shark catches, closing(D)

E.including the establishing of limits to the size of sharks that are caught, the closing of



题目释义：A study urged to…，including…，closing…，and requiring….

考点：句子结构（grammatical construction）逻辑意思（logical predication）

1. 定语从句关系代词which的指代

2. 现在分词表伴随功能动作时，与句子谓语同时发生，逻辑主语等于句子主语。

3. and平行结构。

4. limit做动词时的固定搭配：limit to + 界限；limit on doing sth.(做某事的限制)

名词：size limits大小、规模限制

5. urge的固定搭配：urge sb. to do sth.

6. shark catches: 捕鲨量，此处catch意为a quantity of fish that has been caught at one time

选项分析：A.which离其逻辑上所指的remedies太远，且如果指代remedies不该用单数includes；the establishment of不如动词establishing简洁，而且与后面的closing不平行。

B.which和includes错误同A；limits to the size of sharks that can be caught不够简洁，直接用size limits和shark catches就行

C.which错误同A；the establishment of和the closing of名词短语不简洁且和requiring不平行

D.correct；including修饰remedies，including是介词，其跳跃能力比which强

E.limits to the size of sharks that can be caught不够简洁，直接用size limits和shark catches就行；the establishment of和the closing of名词短语不简洁且和requiring不平行


问题：此题中的including是否能够理解成v-ing表伴随动作，逻辑主语应该是主句主语，该题的主句主语应该为“a study”,为何解释中又变成了“remedies”。如何理解？

miraclle

自己顶一下先，求大牛解释~~谢谢！！

jeffery2541

这里including是一个介词~~~

jeffery2541

including作介词，引导介词词组，修饰之前结构中的核心词。

jeffery2541

prep笔记上可能讲的有些不很恰当，会有误解的。

jason_jufe

prep解释的逻辑主语等于句子主语有点放大，容易造成误解。但多数情况，是如prep的表达。
其实，including的逻辑主语应该是前面提到的remedies，这样符合句子的逻辑意思。

CDJundi

首先，如3楼所说，comma + ving形式中，including是一个特例，其实这里的including不是ving形式，而是一个介词，可以修饰comma前面的名词或跳跃修饰核心名词。
其次，C选项中，the establishment是名词，the closing都是complex gerund，而未划线部分的requiring是一个simple gerund，根据规则，simple gerund和noun.不能平行，只有complex gerund可以和noun.平行，同理，complex gerund和simple gerund也就不能平行了，所以PREP08中说“the establishment和the closing不能和requiring平行“

Open to discuss : )