Manhattan SC fifth edition 中文日记含练习（完，固定搭配整理在chapter9里）

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Chapter 12代词和修饰语（额外）

一、其他代词

nThere

there 如果做代词代指某个地方时，前面一定要提到这个地方，经常会是介词短语in that place的形式出现。

例外情况：There be…

nitself, themselves, one another, each other

The guests at the party interacted with themselves one another.

相互代词one another和each other用于指示不同方之间的影响。

nsuch和other/another

一般和一个概括性的名词绑定在一起指代先行词

After the land-use agreement surfaced, the commission decided to subject any such contracts to debate in the future. （Agreement这里是一种类型的contract）

After the land-use agreement surfaced, the commission decided to subject any OTHER contracts to debate in the future.（这里指的不是同一个contract）

none：One indicates an indefinite copy or a single, indefinite part of a collection.指代不确定的

nit/they/them指代确定的。

ndo so 和 do it

Do so：可以指代整个的动作，包含谓语动词，宾语和修饰语（so可以省略）。

Do it：必须指代一个实际的名词先行词。

二、占位符it

当it当做占位符使用时，不必为it找先行词，一共有三种情况

1.不定式做主语后置，it作形式主语

2.that 从句做主语，it作形式主语

3.不定式或that从句做宾语，用it作形式宾语

但是注意，不用it做形式主语或者宾语的句子虽然冗长，但是并不错。

三、避免代词指代不清：有时候避免代词指代不清的一种方式就是用一个概括性的名词替代，这样还可以避免直接用之前的名词造成重复,在GMAT中经常会发现； OG75

After roasting the deer, the hunter extinguished the fire and then searched for a tree to hang THE MEAT from.

New "nano-papers" incorporate fibers that give THESE MATERIALS strength.

避免代词指代不清：有时候避免代词指代不清的一种方式就是用一个概括性的名词替代，这样还可以

四、代词指代的一些细微差别

通过number和gender来筛选有效的先行词：

1)Number：单复数要一致

2)Gender：男性he，his；女性 she her hers；中性 it its;通用they them their

3)Repeats：同一个句子中的it和its只能指代同一个单数名词

同一个句子中的they,them和their只能指代同一个复数名词。

4)Proximity：代词一般指代离其最近的合理的先行词，但不能过于近了；

5)Case：在平行结构中，代词和先行词要保持一致。尤其是主语位置的指代具有很强的倾向性

Note: 如果发现用以上代词指代的5原则竟然排除了所有5个选项，那么只能放松这5原则，然后找找看其他的错误。

五、修饰语

名词修饰语接近原则的几个例外情况：

1.of 修饰短语: of短语修饰其前面的名词,后面的修饰语修饰整个of介词短语。

例如：

（1）He had a way of dodging opponents that impressed the scouts.（that从句指代a way of dodging opponents）

（2）An ice sheet covers 80 percent of the surface of Greenland, an area roughly the size of Alaska（an area roughly the size 修饰80 percent of the surface of Greenland）

2.为避免主语修饰语过于冗长，有时候会将修饰语后置

3.插入语：在主语和谓语之间，插入一个成分对主语进行进一步说明

例：Our system of Presidential elections favors states，such as Delaware，that by population are over-represented in the Electoral College.

插入语吧 states 和修饰语that隔开，是可以接受的，因为插入语没有更合理的位置可以放置；

4.当两个修饰语在平行结构中，其中的一个修饰语要紧邻被修饰对象

例：Right: In heraldry, the term "tincture" refers to a color emblazoned on a coat of arms and labeled with a special French word.

总之，名词修饰语一定要紧跟其修饰的对象，少数情况例外。例外的情况总是读起来很顺口；

六、所有格的细微差别

1.不要选择Y of X’s 这样的结构，永远是错的； 要么Y of X,要么X’s Y.

2.尽量避开复数所有格情况：GMAT 在80%~90%情况下不在正确答案里放置复数所有格。但并不是绝对的，主要还是要考虑句意。

大部分名词用of X 结构可以清晰替代所有格，少部分如sales,要用in；所有格不等同于普通名词，不能简单修饰；

不要去排除一个选项只是因为它使用复数所有格；如果时间不够的话，去猜那个没有复数所有格的；

七、Subgroup modifier，有三种常见修饰

(1) This model explains all known subatomic particles, some of which were only recently

discovered.

错: This model explains all known subatomic particles, of which some were only recently

discovered.

(2) This model explains all known subatomic particles, some of them only recently discovered.

错：This model explains all known subatomic particles, some of them which were only recently

discovered.

(3) This model explains all known subatomic particles, some only recently discovered.

错: This model explains all known subatomic particles, SOME OF WHICH only recently discovered.

SANAM（some,any,none,all,more/most）和many, each, either, neither, half, one 都可以用在some的位置。

八、关系从句和分词

多数情况下，关系从句和现在分词修饰语可以互换，如：

The man WHO IS CLEANING/CLEANING the steps is my uncle.

特定情况：现在分词从主句的谓语动词中提取时态。

如果想要用不同于主句谓语动词的时态，就要用关系从句。

九、独立主格

名词+名词修饰语:整体构成一个动词修饰语

例如：

Right: His head held high,Owen walked out of the store

Right: Owen walked out of the store, his head held high.

Right: Owen walked out of the store with his head held high.

His head held high，不是修饰owen 的，他是作为一个动词修饰语，作状语功能，，表示owen怎样走过商店的；

这里的名词修饰语，可以用that从句，但绝不能用which从句，which只能修饰离它最近的名词。但是可以用-ing形式

Scientists have found high levels of iridium in certain geological formations around the world, results that suggest the cataclysmic impact of a meteor millions of Years ago.

Scientists have found high levels of iridium in certain geological formations around the world, SUGGESTING the cataclysmic impact of a meteor millions of years ago.

Wrong: Scientists have found high levels of iridium in certain geological formations

around the world, which错 suggests the cataclysmic impact ofameteor millions of years ago.

练习：

A.代词

1.Them->themselves; it->so：Do so：可以指代整个的动作，包含谓语动词，宾语和修饰语（so可以省略）。Do it：必须指代一个实际的名词先行词。

2.Florida’s用的所有格，不能用there指代，改为Florida.

One的使用是正确的，先行词是manatees，one可以指代单数，也可以指代复数。

3.those of是多余的，去掉；do it->do so

4.正确。

其他的修饰语问题

5.Of与’s所有格重复；其余正确

6.Worried修饰了最近的students’，不和逻辑，应该是修饰parents的；

Those students disappearing,这里students成了修饰disappearing这个动名词的名词，即便如此也要用所有格，而且disappear本身有名词形式disapperance

students’ parents, as a result of those students disappearing 改为 parents of students who are disappeared

7.正确：第一个从句修饰fertilizer；第二个从句修饰growers of heirloom tomatoes (of词组不能移离)，而且关系代词是who不可能修饰tomatoes，所以允许关系从句远离了growers

8.正确

9.Subgroup modifier OF WHICH MANY->MANY OF WHICH

eloisexiao

Chapter 13动词和比较（额外）

一.助动词：BE,DO,HAVE

1.可以代替长动词或动词词组：I have never seen an aardvark, but my father has.

但是仅限于时态一致的情况下，如果时态不一致还是要重复动词：I have never seen an aardvark, but last year my father did saw one.

2.特殊情况：当助动词想代替原文的一个动词（非主动词）的时候，形式必须一致

错Our cars were designed to inspire envy, and they are.

对Our cars were designed to inspire envy, and they do.

3.只能代表肯定，即便句子其他部分是否定的：Some people do not eat soup as others Do. (= do eat soup)

4.情态助动词：Can, could, may ,might, must, shall , should, will 和 would,第二章明确过：这些词在使用过程中不能随意相互替换。

n常见陷阱：

a)语意相近的情态助动词重复使用，如have to 与must

b)句中其他部分已经表达了目标或者建议的意见，不必再使用情态助动词：

Wrong: This plan ensures that action must be taken.

Right: This plan ensures that action will be taken.

c)位置错误

n比起用be to来表示目标或将来，GMAT更倾向于用will 或 should来表带。

n条件从句用if引导，而不用should倒装。

Awkward: SHOULD he PASS the test, he will graduate.

Right: IF he PASSES the test, he will graduate.

二.非谓语动词：用于充当形容词、副词、名词的动词

1.不定式

n不定式可以充当名词、形容词、副词。

n在表目的时=in order to ，都对；在表目的时要注意逻辑关系：

对：The contractors demolished the building to keep it from falling down.(was demolished的主语是contractors，同时也是不定式to keep的主语)

错:The building was demolished to avoid falling down accidentally. (was demolished的主语是building，也是avoid的主语，不合逻辑)

对:The building was demolished to keep it from falling down accidentally. (it指代building, building是to keep 的宾语，主语是某个不知名的人demolish了这个builing来keep it from falling down.)

n不定式可以做主语，但一般都用在占位符it句型：

Awkward: TO ERR is human.

Right: IT is human TO ERR.

n不定式超用作并与，但是不能做借此宾语，也不能在前面加形容词和冠词修饰。

错误quick to run.

正确to run quickly

2.动名词

动名词比不定式更像名词，可以作动词主语也可以做介词宾语。

回顾简单动名词和复杂动名词的却别：

简单动名词，更像是动词：EATING apples quickly.

复杂动名词，更像是名词：The quick EATING of apples.

n不能互相平行。

n当一个更熟悉的动作名词已经存在时，不要再创造一个复杂动名词：如the quick consumption of apples 就比 the quick eating of apples好

n一个名词放于动名词之前，如果该名词是动名词的发起者，那么要用所有格。但此时需要注意区分这里的ing究竟是动名词还是一个名词修饰语。

总的来说尽量避免用动名词的所有格，用已存在的动作名词的所有格更好些。如果一定要用动名词的所有格，最好用人称代词如its,their,his,her.

3.分词：过去分词，现在分词

n-ing主要有4种用法：

动词（进行时态）

名词（动名词）

形容词（现在分词）

副词（现在分词）

n-ed的2种用法：

动词（完成时态）

形容词（过去分词）

-ing形式可以喝过去分词合并起来使用：Having broken the lamp, she has been worrying all night.

三.什么时候用动词，什么时候用非谓语动词

n一般情况下，现在分词表结果，不定式表目的。

如果没有故意的表目的（如主语是无生命的物体）是，一般用-ing而不用to do。

有一个约定俗成的情况：Water droplets freeze to form snow.虽然也没有目的性，但可以使用不定式。

n在使用现在分词或者关系从句修饰名词时，语意与用不定式修饰名词时有所不同。

现在分词: A technique ALLEVIATING pain is growing popular.

关系从句: A technique THAT ALLEVIATES pain is growing popular

Technique是动作ALLEVIATING 的主语

不定式：A technique TO ALLEVIATE pain is growing popular.

Technique 不一定是TO ALLEVIATE 的主语，可以使某人用来alleviate pain的方式。

又如：There is a book to read. book不是to read的主语，而是read的宾语。

有时候这样的语意区别还是很本质的：

A plan conquering the world is in his files.

A plan that will conquer the world is his files.

A plan to conquer the world is in his files.

计划本身不会去征服世界，肯定是某个使用这个计划去征服世界，这里应该用不定式。

四.更多关于like和as的用法

1.Like

n表示“相似”或者“方式相似”。用like表比较是，是比喻性的，不是真实的。

nLike后面只能跟名词或者代词。

n注意like在句尾出现时语意的不同：

a)I want to coach divers LIKE Greg Louganis. 此时有歧义！！！

= I want to coach divers WHO ARE LIKE Greg Louganis.

= I want to coach divers in the same way as Greg Louganis does.

b)I want to coach divers, LIKE Greg Louganis. 注意逗号在like之前，此时没歧义

= LIKE Greg Louganis ，I want to coach divers. (he coaches divers; I want to do so.)

nunlike 和like 用法类似：注意即便unlike比较的两个东西不想象，结构上也要平行。

Unlike在句尾时，通常是和主语作比较。

2.as

nas既可以做连词，也可以做介词，要注意区分。

nAs做连词的3中用法：

Duration as: As I strolled to the store, I smelled the air. (while, during) 当…时候

Causation as: I will not tell you, as you already know. (since, because) 因为

Comparison as: You should walk as she wants you to. (in the same way) 正如，像….一样

其中as作为comparison比较的用法最重要：

as可以和just，so, so too一起出现：

Right: JUST AS the trains were late yesterday, the buses are late today.

Right: JUST AS the trains were late yesterday, SO TOO are they late today. 部分倒装

As也可以和一个词组共同出现：AS in the previous case， the judge took an early break.

nAs做介词

As your leader,I am in charge.作为…角色.

I think of you as my friend. 视作，等同于

AS a child, I thought I could fly.当处于……阶段

要表比较只能用 as 加句子。 此时as是连词。

As…as可以表示比较。

不用like距离，用such as举例。

五.数字的比较

n倍数：

a)Times + as…as：Right: The man is FIVE TIMES AS OLD AS his grandson.

b)直接用times：

The cost of a ticket is $12, six times the cost ten years ago.

The concert was attended by 300 people, twice the previous attendance.

n多少

More than; less than

I am TEN years OLDER THAN you.我的年龄= 你的年龄+10

nMore/less 与 high/low

1.More/less用法很灵活，可以作名词、代词、形容词或副词。

I own more than I should. 名词 (more = noun or pronoun)我拥有更多的东西比我应该拥有的；

I own more shirts than I should. 形容词

I sleep more than I should. 副词

2.High/low和higher/lower只能做形容词

×I spend lower than I did last year.

√I spend LESS than I did last year.

√My bills are lower than they were last year.

六.其他比较结构

nMore+adj+n结构容易引起歧义。

错：We have even more efficient engines than before.

对：We have even more engines that are efficient than before.发动机数量的比较

对：We have engines even more efficient than before. 有效性的比较

nExceed,surpass这样的动词，也表示比较。但是比较对象务必平行。

Wrong: The incidence of the disease among men exceeds women

Right: The incidence of the disease among men EXCEEDS the incidence among women.

Right: The incidence of the disease among men EXCEEDS its incidence among women.

Right: The incidence of the disease among men EXCEEDS that among wome

n(3)In addition to

通常放在句首，添加另外的一个例子。 翻译为 除了…..

IN ADDITION TO taxes, death is inevitable . (添加在主语)

IN ADDITION TO Munster

cheese, I like Swiss. ( 添加在宾语)

练习：

1.Having been shown into the office, Julia waited for the dentist to arrive.

正确。Having been shown是分词，不是有效动词。逗号前的整个部分作为分词词组修饰动词waited。

尽管如此，Having been shown有动词特征，类似于一个过去完成时、被动语态的动词。

助动词to be这里以been的形式出现，并且是被动语态。动词to have以having的形式，表示being shown into the office这个动作发生在Julia waited for the dentist之前。语意是符合逻辑的。

2.When he swam across the lake, he struggled to keep his head above the water.

正确。swam和struggled都是用的一般过去式，这两个动作肯定是同时发生的，正确。

3.When he swam across the lake, he lay down on the far shore and relaxed in the sunshine until he was thoroughly dry.

Lay和relax都是一般过去式，swim across the lake必须是发生在这两个动作前，应该用过去完成时。

Swam->had swam

4.Helen would feel better if she was my daughter.

if假设虚拟，将来不太可能发生：if X were to happen, Y would happen)

If she ate pizza tomorrow, (then) she would/could become ill. (使用虚拟语气)

Was->were

5.Helen may fell better if she would swallow this pill.

表示某种程度的不确定: if present, then can or may

If she eats pizza, (then) she may /can become ill.

If引导的从句从来不含would。

Would swallow->swallows

6.If the supplier has signed a binding contract, he will deliver the goods.

将来确定：if present/present perfect,then future.(if X happens/has happened, Y will happen.)

If she eats pizza tomorrow, (then) she will become ill.

If Sophie HAS EATEN pizza, then she WILL BECOME ill.

正确。注意这里用的现在完成时，表示作者是在谈论在过去的某个不特定时间签合同的可能性。相反，如果用一般式也对，但是值得是将来签约的可能性。

7.If the supplier has signed a binding contract, he would have delivered the goods.

过去从未发生： if past perfect,then conditional perfect

(If X had happened, Y would/could have happened)

If she had eaten pizza yesterday, (then) she would/could have become ill. (使用虚拟语气)

Has signed->had signed.

8.If Abraham Lincoln were born in Livonia, he cannot become the Present of the United States.

同7.were born -> had been born; cannot become->could not have become

9.Brokered by the President of Silonia, the ceasefire agreement mandates Carpathian forces will cease their advance into Zapadnia, but allows them to engage in limited operations in areas already captured.

Borkered正确，这里是做修饰语而不是实义动词。分词词组borkered by the president of silonia修饰the ceasefire agreement。

Carpathian forces will改为that Carpathian forces cease,因为动词mandate后面必须that虚拟从句。

them to engage正确，allow接不定式

10.Because epidemiological evidence suggests that some tomatoes are contaminated with bacteria, Rachel suggested that Patrick make a salad without tomatoes.

正确。suggest表“可能代表”的意思时，而不是表达“建议”的意思时不能用虚拟语气。所以第一个suggest用陈述语气，第二个suggest用虚拟语气

11.It is necessary that our condominium association must comply with the new ordinance, which requires homeowners clear the snow from sidewalks in front of their property.

must comply应该用虚拟语气comply。It’s necessary 可以接不定式或者虚拟语气。这里由于使用了that从句，所以用虚拟语气。

Clear改成to clear。Require既可以接虚拟语气也可以接不定式。这里因为没有使用that从句，所以改成不定式。

虚拟语气从句开头必须使用that。

12.A frightening storm has been lashing South Padre Island, forcing Natalie and Todd to postpone their wedding.

正确。这一句话使用了ing形式的所有四种用法。

Frightening是一个形容词修饰storm。

Has been lashing 是现在完成进行时的实义动词。

分词forcing作为一个副词修饰第一个句子中的has been lashing。完整的副词实际是整个分词从句 forcing Natalie and Todd to postpone their wedding.正如许多的分词副词，他告诉我们的是它修饰的句子的动作的结果。

最后wedding是一个动名词。

13.Sitting at the kitchen table, a decision to bake a cake got made by Eric.

1)主动语态更直接简洁。

2)被动语态，导致好像是decision来执行sitting at the kitchen table。

3)动词中使用了got做助动词，被动语态中只能使用to be做助动词。

修改为Sitting at the kitchen table, Eric decided to bake a cake.

14.Airline A does not charge passengers for in-flight snacks, although most other airlines are.

Are改成do。第一个句子的完整动词词组是does not charge passengers for in-flight snacks。第二个句子可以用do作为do charge passengers for in-flight snacks的简略说法。

15.Louise wanted to buy something to eat, so she stopped at the ATM to withdraw some cash.

正确。不定式可以当做名词、形容词和副词使用。

To buy充当名词。准确地说，完整的词组to buy something to eat serves 一起当做一个名词，共同做want的宾语。

To eat充当形容词，修饰代词something。

To withdraw充当副词，准确的说是to withdraw some cash 修饰动词stopped，告诉我们Louise停下来的目的。

16.To athlete’s wearing the Brand X logo is a famous Olympian;his swimming has led to a lucrative endorsement contract.

Athlete’s wearing 改为 athlete wearing。Athlete’s wearing中athlete’s作为形容词修饰分词词组wearing…logo.而athlete wearing中分词词组wearing…logo作为形容词修饰名词athlete。要判断那个正确要看句子剩余部分，是谁还是是什么是famous Olympian,是wearing还是athlete，明显是athlete。

His swimming是正确的，是swimming本身led to a lucrative endorsement contract.

B. Like vs. As

17.The person in the recording sounds LIKE a child.

比较，a child是个名词，不是从句，用like。

18.AS a child has been injured, we must stop the party and call an ambulance.

As连词，表示原因。

19.AS a child, Rebecca lived in Bristol.

介词，处于……阶段。

20.My grandfather eats LIKE a child, slurping loudly and helping himself to plenty of ketchup.

比较，a child是个名词，不是从句，用like。

21.Mrs.Jones watched AS a child played with a stick.

连词，Duration

22.Frankie never went to law school, but he believes that years of watching Law&Order have taught him to think LIKE a lawyer.

比较，a lawyer是个名词，不是从句，用like。

23.Eyewitnesses describe the missing passenger AS a lawyer in his late forties.

as介词，视作，等同的意思

24.LIKE lawyers, doctors are bound by a code of professional ethics.

比较，a lawyer是个名词，不是从句，用like。

25.Having passed the state bar exam, she is licensed to work AS a lawyer in Illinois.

As介词，作为…角色.

C. Comparison Signals, Comparatives 和 Superlatives

26.Tatiana analyzes people LIKE Oliver Sacks, the famous neurologist.

这一句有歧义，可以改成：

a)Tatiana analyzes people who are similar to Oliver Sacks, the famous neurologist.

b)Tatiana analyzes people in the same way as Oliver Sacks, the famous neurologist.

注意，b句的意思不能改成Like Oliver Sacks, the famous neurologist, Tatiana analyzes people.这句话的意思是Oliver Sacks analyzes people, and so does Tatiana.并没有告诉T分析人类的方式。

27.Of all the cities in Australia, Sydney is the largest and the most well-known; Melbourne, however, can be equally as enjoyable to visit as its brasher, more frenetic rival.

Most well-> best;

Equally as…as->重复了，可以去掉equally（GMAT中绝对不适用equally！）

第二句是两者比较，用比较级，而不用最高级，brasher，more frenetic是正确的。

28.There are about the equivalent number of gym members in the boxing class as in the aerobics class.

The equivalent number -> as many

abingvicky

thx

yomukie

wow~~THX

eloisexiao

要是有什么错漏异义欢迎提出来一起讨论哈

eloisexiao

要是有什么错漏异义欢迎提出来一起讨论哈

fairypp

upup 语法都整理完了啊 赞一个

lu27704

貌似 第六章 修饰语 里面关于to do
应该是可以用在被动句里面，不是过去式的句子？

lcy0403

12.A frightening storm has been lashing South Padre Island, forcing Natalie and Todd to postpone their wedding.


主句完成时，不是不能用现在分词修饰么？
难道是因为主句是 现在完成进行时？？

soulwangh

yomukie 发表于 2012-9-21 10:53
wow~~THX

LZ，非常感谢！

有一个问题：
13章
3.分词：过去分词，现在分词

n-ing主要有4种用法：

动词（进行时态）

名词（动名词）

形容词（现在分词）

副词（现在分词）

n-ed的2种用法：

动词（完成时态）

形容词（过去分词）

-ing形式可以喝过去分词合并起来使用：Having broken the lamp, she has been worrying all night.
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原书的确是这么写的，但是过去分词为什么不能做副词功能呢（作状语）？
比如 Seen form the top of the hill，the house is very beautiful.