求助：由OG12-134题引起的关于平行成分的困惑

sunny803

Recently implenmented "shift-worker equations"based on studies of the human sleep cycle have reduced sickness, sleeping on the job, fatigue among shift workers, and have raised production efficiency in various industries.

A.fatigue among shift workers, and have raised
B.fatigue among shift workers, and raised
C.and fatigue among shift workers while raising
D.lowered fatigue among shift workers, and raised
E.and fatigue among shift workers was lowered while raising

答案选C没有疑问。还原成正确句子为：
Recently implenmented "shift-worker equations"based on studies of the human sleep cycle have reduced sickness, sleeping on the job and fatigue among shift workers while raising production efficiency in various industries.
但按照manhattan在第11章中的论述的定义:
1）concrete nouns
2)  action nouns
3)  simple Gerund
4)  complex gerund
sleeping应该是属于simple gerund吧？而另外两个平行名词sickness, fatigue按其说法应是concrete nouns. 这样的话，是不是意味着concrete nouns和simple gerund之间是可以平行的？

babybearmm

Here "sleeping" is a noun:

sleeping[ slee-ping]
noun
1.
the condition of being asleep.
synonyms
inactive, inert, unconscious, comatose, dormant, latent

sunny803

谢谢baby姐。我还是有疑问，sleeping的名词形式不是有sleep吗？如果sleeping确实是名词，也应是active noun吧？那又如何与concrete平行呢？

babybearmm

noun in the form of "V-ing" is PROCESS-ORIENTED.

see Ron's lecture on Feb 16, 2012
http://www.manhattangmat.com/thursdays-with-ron.cfm