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复习了一学期,做了n本书,才这点分,伤心啊开学就大四了,托福还没考怎么办 ...本人英语基础也不差啊,六级600多,其中阅读248
大概我基本用纸质的材料导致第一个verbal极度不适应,好几篇文章都是猜的,后来帮我适应到easy模式 issue :有效的领导要最高道德标准 argue :快速阅读法那个
原题这篇1994年的 The FourteenthAmendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1868, prohibits stategovernments from denying citizens the “equal protection of the laws.” Althoughprecisely what the framers of the amendment meant by this equal protectionclause remains unclear, all interpreters agree that the framers’ immediateobjective was to provide a constitutional warrant for the Civil Rights Act of1866, which guaranteed the citizenship of all persons born in the United Statesand subject to United States jurisdiction. This declaration, which was echoedin the text of the Fourteenth Amendment, was designed primarily to counter theSupreme Court’s ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford that Black people inthe United States could be denied citizenship. The act was vetoed by President Andrew Johnson,who argued that the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery, did notprovide Congress with the authority to extend citizenship and equal protectionto the freed slaves. Although Congress promptly overrode Johnson’s veto,supporters of the act sought to ensure its constitutional foundations with thepassage of the Fourteenth Amendment. The broad languageof the amendment strongly suggests that its framers were proposing to writeinto the Constitution not a laundry list (laundry list: n.细目清单) ofspecific civil rights but a principle of equal citizenship that forbids organizedsociety from treating any individual as a member of an inferior class. Yet forthe first eight decades of the amendment’s existence, the Supreme Court’sinterpretation of the amendment betrayed this ideal of equality. In the CivilRights Cases of 1883, for example, the Court invented the “state action”limitation, which asserts that “private” decisions by owners of public accommodationsand other commercial businesses to segregate their facilities are insulatedfrom the reach of the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantee of equal protectionunder the law. After the SecondWorld War, a judicial climate more hospitable to equal protection claimsculminated in the Supreme Court’s ruling in Brownv. Board of Education that racially segregated schools violated the equalprotection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Two doctrines embraced by theSupreme Court during this period extended the amendment’s reach. First, theCourt required especially strict scrutiny of legislation that employed a “suspectclassification,” meaning discrimination against a group on grounds that couldbe construed as racial. This doctrine has broadened the application of theFourteenth Amendment to other, nonracial forms of discrimination, for whilesome justices have refused to find any legislative classification other thanrace to be constitutionally disfavored, most have been receptive to argumentsthat at least some nonracial discriminations, sexual discrimination inparticular, are “suspect” and deserve this heightened scrutiny by the courts. Second,the Court relaxed the state action limitation on the Fourteenth Amendment, bringingnew forms of private conduct within the amendment’s reach.
题目都没改过。。本人忘了 当时就懵了 |
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