最全including精确应用，彻底颠覆以前的固定思维！史上最劲！！

edwinwos

我们很多时候都在选项中看到including和which include(s) 同时出现，那么我们应该如何非常确定的选择呢？

我们也知道GMAT-SC中错误项，90%以上或几乎都是不止一个错误点，那么我们当判断不出including和which include(s)的时候，应该找其他错误点！

在这里，我想给大家分享一下，如何【超级精确的了解including的用法，彻底改变以前的固定思维】

（1）RON说过：
the "comma + ing" modifier should only be used when:
(A)
it MODIFIES THE ENTIRE ACTION of the preceding clause, and it APPLIES TO THE SUBJECT of that clause;
AND

(B)
one of the following is true:

(1) the "ing" action is SIMULTANEOUS with the main action;
- i ran down the sidewalk, flapping my arms wildly

(2) the "ing" action is a DIRECT CONSEQUENCE of the main action.
- i got a 100 on the most recent exam, bringing my average up to 91

other examples:
joe ran down the sidewalk, flailing his arms.
è correct (simultaneous)

my cousin took extra classes every semester in college, graduating in three years.
ècorrect, because the "ing" is an actual consequence of the first action.

my cousin ate frozen food every day in college, graduating in three years.
èincorrect, because there is no relationship (in particular, the second thing is not a consequence of the first thing, and isn't simultaneous either).

所以那个including, 要不修饰前面句子，要不句子主语作伴随；但是如果根据（1）说的，那么有时候including修饰前面句子和主语作伴随不合理；

（2）但是RON又说过：

important:

"INCLUDING" is an EXCEPTION to the otherwise robust rules for comma+ing modifiers.

when you see "comma + including", you should think of "including" as a preposition, not as an -ing modifier. therefore, "including X" will become a prepositional phrase that describes the stuff preceding the comma.

即吖RON说，including可以作介词，可以不一定修饰前面句子或名词，或伴随；是"..., V-ing"的一个例外exception。

即RON:comma + "including"can stand for the preceding NOUN -- or the preceding NOUN + MODIFIERS, if there are modifiers attached to the noun.

下面在附件中有几个例子，给大家分析，希望大家能够掌握！
如：
GWD-29-Q10与GWD-3-Q3(新PREP1#215)对比
Including修饰instructions

The principal feature of the redesigned checks is a series of printed instructions that the company hopes will help merchants confirm a check’s authenticity, which includes reminders to watch the endorsement, compare signatures, and view the watermark while holding the check to the light.

A.which includes reminders to watch the endorsement, compare signatures, and view
B.which include reminders for watching the endorsement, to compare signatures and view
C.by including reminders for watching the endorsement, comparing signatures, and viewing
D.including reminders to watch the endorsement, comparing signatures and viewing
E.including reminders to watch the endorsement, compare signatures, and view

OA: E

GWD-3-Q3(新PREP1#215)
Including修饰remedies

A study by the Ocean Wildlife Campaign urged states to undertake a number of remedies to reverse a decline in the shark population, which includes the establishment of size limits for shark catches, closing state waters for shark fishing during pupping season, and requiring commercial fishers to have federal shark permits.
A.which includes the establishment of size limits for shark catches, closing
B.which includes establishing limits to the size of sharks that can be caught, closing
C.which include the establishment of size limits for shark catches, the closing of
D.including establishing size limits for shark catches, closing
E.including the establishing of limits to the size of sharks that are caught, the closing of


OA: D

大家注意了，在附件中超级详细的解释！


密码：i love edwin全部小写字母没空格，即：iloveedwin

amiroven

lz又用了那个无比自恋的mima吗！！！OMG

coffeeqoo

edwinwos

Ron is a supper man, and got 800 in GMAT test!

he graduated from standford!

edwinwos

Ron is a supper man, and got 800 in GMAT test!

he graduated from standford!

-- by 会员 edwinwos (2012/4/23 19:08:44)

斯坦福有可以接受Gmat的项目吗

-- by 会员 19900620 (2012/4/23 19:19:54)

100%有！

sami244

顶有自信的lz

tonysj

edwinwos

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