prep08 part1 210 (GWD-1-Q2) 逻辑含义求解析

泾渭不凡

210.(GWD-1-Q2) 重点题
By merging its two publishing divisions, the company will increase their share of the country's $21 billion book market from 6 percent to 10 percent, a market ranging from obscure textbooks to mass-market paperbacks.

A.their share of the country's $21 billion book market from 6 percent to 10 percent, a market ranging

B.from 6 percent to 10 percent its share of the $21 billion book market in the country, which ranges

C.to 10 percent from 6 percent in their share of the $21 billion book market in the country, a market ranging

D.in its share, from 6 percent to 10 percent, of the $21 billion book market in the country, which ranges(E)

E.to 10 percent from 6 percent its share of the country's $21 billion book market, which ranges



题目释义：By merging its two publishing divions，the company will increase to … from … market, which ranges…

考点：指代一致（agreement）逻辑意思（logical predication）

1.the company是主语，指代也用单数。

2.which的指代

选项分析：A.their指代the company错误。Ranging使得后面的分句没有谓语？。

B.which可以跳跃指代，但是此处which离其指代对象隔了一个状语in the country，而且country与ranges是gramatically matched的，故B不佳。（补丁自己理解：造成歧义。）

C.their错误同A，ranging错误同A。

D.which错误同B；of和要连接的对象离的太远不好。

E.correct；which离其指代对象比B更近，因此更好，记住选项是比出来的；to…from…结构中to 10 percent提前以示强调；逻辑上讲，一个国家的图书市场不可能只有从from obscure textbooks to mass-market paperbacks，所以which逻辑上指代its share of the country's $21 billion book market整体。??


其他点都明白就是：E选项的解释中“逻辑上讲，一个国家的图书市场不可能只有从from obscure textbooks to mass-market paperbacks，所以which逻辑上指代its share of the country's $21 billion book market整体。”真的需要讲解，求理解该点的同学伸出援手哈~orz~

babybearmm

饭饭宝宝的贴子是一定要顶的

210.(GWD-1-Q2) 重点题
By merging its two publishing divisions, the company will increase their share of the country's $21 billion book market from 6 percent to 10 percent, a market ranging from obscure textbooks to mass-market paperbacks.

A.their share of the country's $21 billion book market from 6 percent to 10 percent, a market ranging

B.from 6 percent to 10 percent its share of the $21 billion book market in the country, which ranges

C.to 10 percent from 6 percent in their share of the $21 billion book market in the country, a market ranging

D.in its share, from 6 percent to 10 percent, of the $21 billion book market in the country, which ranges(E)

E.to 10 percent from 6 percent its share of the country's $21 billion book market, which ranges



题目释义：By merging its two publishing divions，the company will increase to … from … market, which ranges…

考点：指代一致（agreement）逻辑意思（logical predication）

1.the company是主语，指代也用单数。

2.which的指代

选项分析：A.their指代the company错误。Ranging使得后面的分句没有谓语？。

B.which可以跳跃指代，但是此处which离其指代对象隔了一个状语in the country，而且country与ranges是gramatically matched的，故B不佳。（补丁自己理解：造成歧义。）

C.their错误同A，ranging错误同A。

D.which错误同B；of和要连接的对象离的太远不好。

E.correct；which离其指代对象比B更近，因此更好，记住选项是比出来的；to…from…结构中to 10 percent提前以示强调；逻辑上讲，一个国家的图书市场不可能只有从from obscure textbooks to mass-market paperbacks，所以which逻辑上指代its share of the country's $21 billion book market整体。??


其他点都明白就是：E选项的解释中“逻辑上讲，一个国家的图书市场不可能只有从from obscure textbooks to mass-market paperbacks，所以which逻辑上指代its share of the country's $21 billion book market整体。”真的需要讲解，求理解该点的同学伸出援手哈~orz~

-- by 会员 泾渭不凡 (2012/4/9 0:43:49)

E选项的解释中“逻辑上讲，一个国家的图书市场不可能只有从from obscure textbooks to mass-market paperbacks，所以which逻辑上指代its share of the country's $21 billion book market整体。”

我认为以上讲解错误。E里面which指代"the country's $21 billion book market"，而不是"its share of the country's $21 billion book market"
In general, when we have "noun 1 + prep + noun 2", the following noun modifier can technically modify either "noun 2" or "noun 1 + prep + noun 2", depending on the context.
前天上邪在我的日记贴里发了个Word文档其中总结了OG里面的修饰"noun 1 + prep + noun 2"的情况。而修饰"noun 2"的情况，典型例子有OG12 Q111.
这句话就很类似OG12 Q111, "share ranging from textbooks to paperbacks"根本不make sense. 我相信学经济的或者炒股的同学都明白share什么意思。只有"book market ranging from textbooks to paperbacks"才makes sense.

至于说这题为啥选E不选B，就是modifier placement的问题，看这里Ron的解释吧：
http://www.manhattangmat.com/forums/sc-by-merging-its-two-publishing-divisions-the-t8026.html

babybearmm

题目释义：By merging its two publishing divions，the company will increase to … from … market, which ranges…

这个主干提取... I frown on it...我就不明白怎么能够把increase后面的adverbial modifier都包括，连宾语的修饰词market都包括，还能不包括宾语核心词 its share

By merging ..., the company will increase (to x from y) its share of [( ) market, (which ranges .... )]
再简单点：
The company will increase its share.

aeoluseros

@饭饭

Ranging使得后面的分句没有谓语？

最后的market其实是同位语哦，所以raning引出的是修饰market的adjective phrase，进而所以后面不是分句，也不需要谓语。

@babybear:

饭饭宝宝的贴子是一定要顶的

210.(GWD-1-Q2) 重点题
By merging its two publishing divisions, the company will increase their share of the country's $21 billion book market from 6 percent to 10 percent, a market ranging from obscure textbooks to mass-market paperbacks.

A.their share of the country's $21 billion book market from 6 percent to 10 percent, a market ranging

B.from 6 percent to 10 percent its share of the $21 billion book market in the country, which ranges

C.to 10 percent from 6 percent in their share of the $21 billion book market in the country, a market ranging

D.in its share, from 6 percent to 10 percent, of the $21 billion book market in the country, which ranges(E)

E.to 10 percent from 6 percent its share of the country's $21 billion book market, which ranges



题目释义：By merging its two publishing divions，the company will increase to … from … market, which ranges…

考点：指代一致（agreement）逻辑意思（logical predication）

1.the company是主语，指代也用单数。

2.which的指代

选项分析：A.their指代the company错误。Ranging使得后面的分句没有谓语？。

B.which可以跳跃指代，但是此处which离其指代对象隔了一个状语in the country，而且country与ranges是gramatically matched的，故B不佳。（补丁自己理解：造成歧义。）

C.their错误同A，ranging错误同A。

D.which错误同B；of和要连接的对象离的太远不好。

E.correct；which离其指代对象比B更近，因此更好，记住选项是比出来的；to…from…结构中to 10 percent提前以示强调；逻辑上讲，一个国家的图书市场不可能只有从from obscure textbooks to mass-market paperbacks，所以which逻辑上指代its share of the country's $21 billion book market整体。??


其他点都明白就是：E选项的解释中“逻辑上讲，一个国家的图书市场不可能只有从from obscure textbooks to mass-market paperbacks，所以which逻辑上指代its share of the country's $21 billion book market整体。”真的需要讲解，求理解该点的同学伸出援手哈~orz~

-- by 会员 泾渭不凡 (2012/4/9 0:43:49)

E选项的解释中“逻辑上讲，一个国家的图书市场不可能只有从from obscure textbooks to mass-market paperbacks，所以which逻辑上指代its share of the country's $21 billion book market整体。”

我认为以上讲解错误。E里面which指代"the country's $21 billion book market"，而不是"its share of the country's $21 billion book market"
In general, when we have "noun 1 + prep + noun 2", the following noun modifier can technically modify either "noun 2" or "noun 1 + prep + noun 2", depending on the context.
前天上邪在我的日记贴里发了个Word文档其中总结了OG里面的修饰"noun 1 + prep + noun 2"的情况。而修饰"noun 2"的情况，典型例子有OG12 Q111.
这句话就很类似OG12 Q111, "share ranging from textbooks to paperbacks"根本不make sense. 我相信学经济的或者炒股的同学都明白share什么意思。只有"book market ranging from textbooks to paperbacks"才makes sense.

至于说这题为啥选E不选B，就是modifier placement的问题，看这里Ron的解释吧：
http://www.manhattangmat.com/forums/sc-by-merging-its-two-publishing-divisions-the-t8026.html

-- by 会员 babybearmm (2012/4/9 5:38:56)

babybear~~
其实我一直都是觉得字典对于某个词的词性分类是不绝对的，很多时候某个名词其实就是可以作为代词、动词、形容词，而字典里只给出其最多的用法（毕竟语言同时是进化的）。就如同一个成分在句子里，有的人会理解它是adjective，有的人会理解它是adverbial，但是不要紧，只要不影响最终含义的理解，都是好理解。（虽然这个理解很泛泛，大有二元论的糊弄风格，但是这样的想法能够剔除做题时候很多"噪音"，让人避免在分辨句子成分上花费时间。因为很多时候语法大师们会为了某个词的词性，为了某个成分能否放在某个位置争上个上百年（比如due to能否做状语），对我们来讲没有必要。我们要做的是理解句子的逻辑含义，而不是知道每一个语法现象。--> I came to realize this after reading several grammar and word-usage books.）

就比如此处的share。
还有下面这个句子的的proportion：Despite the increasing number of women graduating from law school and passing bar examinations, the proportion of judges and partners at major law firms who are women has not risen comparably.

share和proportion虽然都是名词，都是“部分”的意思，但是它们也可以被视作代词，指代后面一个整体的“一部分”。所以这里的share也是指代了market的一部分。即便share在finance里面意思为股权，也是因为股权是整个股本的一个部分。我们提到share的时候，上下语境必须指明“是谁的share”。

其次，E选项的解释写全了“its share of the country's $21 billion book market”，而不是仅仅写出了一个"share"。因为关系代词类似it，they一样是有“特指”性质的代词，而不是像that/those, this/these一样通常不指定到某个特定对象所以只修饰核心词的代词。当然那我们可以简略地说某个关系代词指代前面某某词(例如此处说“which修饰share”)，但是我们必须明白，which指代的是整个以share为核心词的短语。

My 2 cents, open to discuss.

babybearmm

@饭饭

Ranging使得后面的分句没有谓语？

最后的market其实是同位语哦，所以raning引出的是修饰market的adjective phrase，进而所以后面不是分句，也不需要谓语。

@babybear:

饭饭宝宝的贴子是一定要顶的

210.(GWD-1-Q2) 重点题
By merging its two publishing divisions, the company will increase their share of the country's $21 billion book market from 6 percent to 10 percent, a market ranging from obscure textbooks to mass-market paperbacks.

A.their share of the country's $21 billion book market from 6 percent to 10 percent, a market ranging

B.from 6 percent to 10 percent its share of the $21 billion book market in the country, which ranges

C.to 10 percent from 6 percent in their share of the $21 billion book market in the country, a market ranging

D.in its share, from 6 percent to 10 percent, of the $21 billion book market in the country, which ranges(E)

E.to 10 percent from 6 percent its share of the country's $21 billion book market, which ranges



题目释义：By merging its two publishing divions，the company will increase to … from … market, which ranges…

考点：指代一致（agreement）逻辑意思（logical predication）

1.the company是主语，指代也用单数。

2.which的指代

选项分析：A.their指代the company错误。Ranging使得后面的分句没有谓语？。

B.which可以跳跃指代，但是此处which离其指代对象隔了一个状语in the country，而且country与ranges是gramatically matched的，故B不佳。（补丁自己理解：造成歧义。）

C.their错误同A，ranging错误同A。

D.which错误同B；of和要连接的对象离的太远不好。

E.correct；which离其指代对象比B更近，因此更好，记住选项是比出来的；to…from…结构中to 10 percent提前以示强调；逻辑上讲，一个国家的图书市场不可能只有从from obscure textbooks to mass-market paperbacks，所以which逻辑上指代its share of the country's $21 billion book market整体。??


其他点都明白就是：E选项的解释中“逻辑上讲，一个国家的图书市场不可能只有从from obscure textbooks to mass-market paperbacks，所以which逻辑上指代its share of the country's $21 billion book market整体。”真的需要讲解，求理解该点的同学伸出援手哈~orz~

-- by 会员 泾渭不凡 (2012/4/9 0:43:49)

E选项的解释中“逻辑上讲，一个国家的图书市场不可能只有从from obscure textbooks to mass-market paperbacks，所以which逻辑上指代its share of the country's $21 billion book market整体。”

我认为以上讲解错误。E里面which指代"the country's $21 billion book market"，而不是"its share of the country's $21 billion book market"
In general, when we have "noun 1 + prep + noun 2", the following noun modifier can technically modify either "noun 2" or "noun 1 + prep + noun 2", depending on the context.
前天上邪在我的日记贴里发了个Word文档其中总结了OG里面的修饰"noun 1 + prep + noun 2"的情况。而修饰"noun 2"的情况，典型例子有OG12 Q111.
这句话就很类似OG12 Q111, "share ranging from textbooks to paperbacks"根本不make sense. 我相信学经济的或者炒股的同学都明白share什么意思。只有"book market ranging from textbooks to paperbacks"才makes sense.

至于说这题为啥选E不选B，就是modifier placement的问题，看这里Ron的解释吧：
http://www.manhattangmat.com/forums/sc-by-merging-its-two-publishing-divisions-the-t8026.html

-- by 会员 babybearmm (2012/4/9 5:38:56)

babybear~~
其实我一直都是觉得字典对于某个词的词性分类是不绝对的，很多时候某个名词其实就是可以作为代词、动词、形容词，而字典里只给出其最多的用法（毕竟语言同时是进化的）。就如同一个成分在句子里，有的人会理解它是adjective，有的人会理解它是adverbial，但是不要紧，只要不影响最终含义的理解，都是好理解。（虽然这个理解很泛泛，大有二元论的糊弄风格，但是这样的想法能够剔除做题时候很多"噪音"，让人避免在分辨句子成分上花费时间。因为很多时候语法大师们会为了某个词的词性，为了某个成分能否放在某个位置争上个上百年（比如due to能否做状语），对我们来讲没有必要。我们要做的是理解句子的逻辑含义，而不是知道每一个语法现象。--> I came to realize this after reading several grammar and word-usage books.）

就比如此处的share。
还有下面这个句子的的proportion：Despite the increasing number of women graduating from law school and passing bar examinations, the proportion of judges and partners at major law firms who are women has not risen comparably.

share和proportion虽然都是名词，都是“部分”的意思，但是它们也可以被视作代词，指代后面一个整体的“一部分”。所以这里的share也是指代了market的一部分。即便share在finance里面意思为股权，也是因为股权是整个股本的一个部分。我们提到share的时候，上下语境必须指明“是谁的share”。

其次，E选项的解释写全了“its share of the country's $21 billion book market”，而不是仅仅写出了一个"share"。因为关系代词类似it，they一样是有“特指”性质的代词，而不是像that/those, this/these一样通常不指定到某个特定对象所以只修饰核心词的代词。当然那我们可以简略地说某个关系代词指代前面某某词(例如此处说“which修饰share”)，但是我们必须明白，which指代的是整个以share为核心词的短语。

My 2 cents, open to discuss.

-- by 会员 aeoluseros (2012/4/13 0:35:29)

ae斑斑，我大致理解你说的意思，你是不是说，"its share"这里就类似于proportion？（如果理解错了请纠正）Ok, 我同意。

不过我想问题在于，就算这么理解，也不能说"which ranges from ... to ..."是一定指的"its share of the market"，而不是"the market".
我觉得，具体指代哪个，是context-dependent.

为了叙述方便，咱把"its share"替换成proportion，比如90%.
... 90% of the country's book market, which ranges from obscure textbooks to mass-market paperbacks.
我认为，这里which既可以指代"the country's book market"，也可以指代"90% of the country's book market"，要联系上下文。

"A of B"，后面的noun modifier修饰B的例子有（不完全）：

OG12 Q111.    Construction of the Roman Colosseum, which was officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, began in A.D. 69, during the reign of Vespasian, and was completed a decade later, during the reign of Titus, who opened the Colosseum with a one-hundred-day cycle of religious pageants, gladiatorial games, and spectacles.

35. In laboratory rats, a low dose of aspirin usually suffices to block production of thromboxane, (C) a substance that promotes blood clotting, but does not seriously interfere with the production of prostacyclin, which prevents clotting.
这里同位语修饰(as a noun modifier)是修饰"production of thromboxane"里面的"thromboxane".
后面which修饰，从生物学角度来说，是prostacyclin prevents clotting，所以同样是修饰"A of B"中的B.
不过，你如果说"production of prostacyclin prevents clotting." 也算不上错。

The fight over the speed limit, a measure regarded by opponents as ineffective and meddlesome and by supporters as a conserver of life and energy, continues in our legislatures and on our freeways.
http://www.beatthegmat.com/speed-limit-long-one-t65314.html

....诚然也有很多例子是noun modifier修饰"A of B"整体。我想说的是，不能排除修饰B的可能，所以我对prep那样的解释有异议。我觉得是context-driven.

逻辑上讲，一个国家的图书市场不可能只有从from obscure textbooks to mass-market paperbacks
这个我不同意。
其实我自己的理解更倾向于The book market ranges from obscure textbooks to mass-market paperbacks.
主要是我从没听说过: Its share ranges from obscure textbooks to mass-market paperbacks. 这样的

babybearmm

或者连起来看全句逻辑：
The company will increase to 10% from 6% its share of the country's book market, which ranges from textbooks to paperbacks.

如果按我的理解:
The country's book market ranges from textbooks to paperbacks.  这句话是对book market做出描述。
然后company要increase its share from 6% to 10% of the book market.   "the book market"就是如上界定的book market.
很明确。

如果按你的理解：
Its share of the country's book market ranges from textbooks to paperbacks.  这句话是对its share做出描述。
但是，company决定要改变这个share: from 6% to 10%
那问题就来了：改变前后，range是否会发生变化？
至少，这个疑问是存在的。
如果会发生变化，那么就有歧义，就说：
"from textbooks to paperbacks" 到底是改变之前的range of its share，还是改变之后的range of its share?

或者数学表述，"from a to b"到底是x0的range，还是x1的range，还是x0和x1都处于这个range？
不明确。

-----
Another aspect:

一般咱是通过A选项读出intended meaning。当且仅当A选项的逻辑incorrect or ambiguous的时候，才改变原意。
A选项，如你所说market同位语，那么就说A的意思就是the country's book market is ranging from .. to ..
This meaning is logically satisfied.

aeoluseros

如果按我的理解:
The country's book market ranges from textbooks to paperbacks.  这句话是对book market做出描述。
然后company要increase its share from 6% to 10% of the book market.   "the book market"就是如上界定的book market.

可能是我对babybear意思的误解，不过我觉得“如上界定的book market”这句话的表述是有偏差的。非限定性定从并不界定范围，只是起说明性作用，这是非限制性定从跟限制性定从的本质区别，我想babybear早已知道这点。

逻辑上讲，一个国家的图书市场不可能只有从from obscure textbooks to mass-market paperbacks

umm..E选项的这句解释我基于两个理由：
1. obscure textbooks，绝版书到mass-market paperbacks大众书籍。一个拥有210亿美金的图书市场肯定包含不止绝版书和大众书籍(百度了一下，中国2006年35家最大的出版社总资产规模达到934亿元，净资产518亿元，中国图书市场的产业集中度很高，因此国家图书市场总资产规模也差不多略大于1000亿元人民币。那么我们国家方方面面的书都有这点是不是毫无疑问的呢？是的。除了绝版书、大众书籍，肯定还有其他的比如trade paperback，comics，magzines等等)，因此句子不需要再以非限定性的定从来进一步解释这个图书市场到底有什么书。。。而如果只是描述the company所占的份额range from 绝版书 to 大众书籍，则逻辑上是可以理解，也有这个澄清的必要性的。
2. 对于the share ranges from textbooks to paperbacks的理解，我认为并不是指(1)这个国家的textbooks to paperbacks这个范围内所有的书都是这个company的份额，而是指(2)这家公司在from textbooks to paperbacks的几个方面图书都有出版。（range的用法很微妙，其实(1)和(2)两种意思都能表达，不过能让这个句子意思逻辑合理，只能理解为第一种意思）

因此，我想which指代 its share of the country's $21 billion book market是更合理的。

泾渭不凡

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babybearmm

如果按我的理解:
The country's book market ranges from textbooks to paperbacks.  这句话是对book market做出描述。
然后company要increase its share from 6% to 10% of the book market.   "the book market"就是如上界定的book market.

可能是我对babybear意思的误解，不过我觉得“如上界定的book market”这句话的表述是有偏差的。非限定性定从并不界定范围，只是起说明性作用，这是非限制性定从跟限制性定从的本质区别，我想babybear早已知道这点。

逻辑上讲，一个国家的图书市场不可能只有从from obscure textbooks to mass-market paperbacks

umm..E选项的这句解释我基于两个理由：
1. obscure textbooks，绝版书到mass-market paperbacks大众书籍。一个拥有210亿美金的图书市场肯定包含不止绝版书和大众书籍(百度了一下，中国2006年35家最大的出版社总资产规模达到934亿元，净资产518亿元，中国图书市场的产业集中度很高，因此国家图书市场总资产规模也差不多略大于1000亿元人民币。那么我们国家方方面面的书都有这点是不是毫无疑问的呢？是的。除了绝版书、大众书籍，肯定还有其他的比如trade paperback，comics，magzines等等)，因此句子不需要再以非限定性的定从来进一步解释这个图书市场到底有什么书。。。而如果只是描述the company所占的份额range from 绝版书 to 大众书籍，则逻辑上是可以理解，也有这个澄清的必要性的。
2. 对于the share ranges from textbooks to paperbacks的理解，我认为并不是指(1)这个国家的textbooks to paperbacks这个范围内所有的书都是这个company的份额，而是指(2)这家公司在from textbooks to paperbacks的几个方面图书都有出版。（range的用法很微妙，其实(1)和(2)两种意思都能表达，不过能让这个句子意思逻辑合理，只能理解为第一种意思）

因此，我想which指代 its share of the country's $21 billion book market是更合理的。

-- by 会员 aeoluseros (2012/4/15 20:56:05)

“obscure textbooks，绝版书到mass-market paperbacks大众书籍。一个拥有210亿美金的图书市场肯定包含不止绝版书和大众书籍”

ae斑斑啊，我觉得咱是对"ranges from ... to ..."的理解有偏差
在我看来"ranges from ... to ..."是划定一个range（范围），而不是只包含这两个端点。
比如    an integer ranging from 0 to 5
意思就是   an integer between 0 and 5, inclusive
也就是：0,1,2,3,4,5
并非只包含0和5

这里同理，"ranges from obscure textbooks to mass-market paperbacks" 是说包含着两个极端以及中间的(intermediate)

"可能是我对babybear意思的误解，不过我觉得“如上界定的book market”这句话的表述是有偏差的。非限定性定从并不界定范围，只是起说明性作用，这是非限制性定从跟限制性定从的本质区别，我想babybear早已知道这点。"
Yup. You're right!
"... its share of the country's book market, "
Let me tell you something more about the country's book market
"It ranges from ... to ..."

aeoluseros

babybear，其实我也是认为《"ranges from ... to ..."是划定一个range（范围）》的哦。因为“一个拥有210亿美金的图书市场肯定包含不止绝版书和大众书籍”这半句后面还有半句“因此句子不需要再以非限定性的定从来进一步解释这个图书市场到底有什么书。。。而如果只是描述the company所占的份额range from 绝版书 to 大众书籍，则逻辑上是可以理解。。。” 其次，”Let me tell you something more about the country's book market“，也是我说的，逻辑上没有必要性。。