with the crests and troughs that remains stationary although the air that form them is moving rapidly." 是独立主格结构做插入语 with+n.+名词的修饰语,其中 that remains stationary although the air that form them is moving rapidly是the crests and troughs 的修饰语。
E选项中修饰语with the stationary crests and troughs although they are formed by rapidly moving air不正确的独立主格结构, although they are formed by rapidly moving air没有办法修饰crests and troughs