For members of the seventeenth-century Ashanti nation in Africa, animal-hide shields with wooden frames were essential items of military equipment, a method to protect warriors against enemy arrows and spears.
OG10-39 For members of the seventeenth-century Ashantination in Africa, animal-hide shields with wooden frames were essential itemsof military equipment, a method to protect warriors against enemy arrowsand spears. A. a method to protect B. as a method protecting C. protecting D. as a protection of E. to protect
IMO, in the phrase "a method to protect", the infinitive "to protect" is modifying "a method" that is an appositive describing "items". I tend to think the GMAC is confusing us with wrong modifier reference just as the explanation in OG says. That is, the "method" can't refer to "items".
To form an absolute phrase, the logical subject and logical predicate must make sense, namely the "method“ and the "protect". "Method" can not protect sth, while some military equipment can.
OG10-39 For members of the seventeenth-century Ashantination in Africa, animal-hide shields with wooden frames were essential itemsof military equipment, a method to protect warriors against enemy arrowsand spears. A. a method to protect B. as a method protecting C. protecting D. as a protection of E. to protect