求助prep08-215，lz快被这种伴随状语问题纠结死了……

cjclaire

215. (GWD-3-Q3)
A study by the Ocean Wildlife Campaign urged states to undertake a number of remedies to reverse a decline in the shark population, which includes the establishment of size limits for shark catches, closing state waters for shark fishing during pupping season, and requiring commercial fishers to have federal shark permits.
A.    which includes the establishment of size limits for shark catches, closing
B.    which includes establishing limits to the size of sharks that can be caught, closing
C.    which include the establishment of size limits for shark catches, the closing of
D.    including establishing size limits for shark catches, closing            
E.    including the establishing of limits to the size of sharks that are caught, the closing of

题目释义：A study urged to…，including…，closing…，and requiring….
考点：
句子结构（grammatical construction） 逻辑意思（logical predication）
1. 定语从句关系代词which的指代
2. 现在分词表伴随功能动作时，与句子谓语同时发生，逻辑主语等于句子主语。
3. and平行结构。
4. limit做动词时的固定搭配：limit to + 界限；limit on doing sth.(做某事的限制)
 名词：size limits 大小、规模限制
5. urge的固定搭配：urge sb. to do sth.
6. shark catches: 捕鲨量，此处catch意为a quantity of fish that has been caught at one time
选项分析：
A.    which离其逻辑上所指的remedies太远，且如果指代remedies不该用单数includes；the establishment of不如动词establishing简洁，而且与后面的closing不平行。
B.    which和includes错误同A；limits to the size of sharks that can be caught不够简洁，直接用size limits和shark catches就行
C.    which错误同A；the establishment of和the closing of名词短语不简洁且和requiring不平行
D.    correct；including修饰remedies，including是介词，其跳跃能力比which强
E.    limits to the size of sharks that can be caught不够简洁，直接用size limits和shark catches就行；the establishment of和the closing of名词短语不简洁且和requiring不平行

上文中先说现在分词表伴随功能动作时，与句子谓语同时发生，逻辑主语等于句子主语。可是后面又说including修饰remedies，including是介词，其跳跃能力比which强，但是这里including不是句子的逻辑主语发出的啊……including的指代是如何确认的呢？lz完全是伴随状语无能，真心求助大家……
ps：哪里有关于which用法和伴随状语系统的讲解么？谢谢了……

达达尼昂

这里不是伴随啊，这里是分词短语作定语修饰remedies啊，
manhattan里面说了，定语从句有"touh rule"必须紧邻修饰的名词，它和名词之间顶多只能隔简单的介词短语；而分词短语比较灵活，可以喝所修饰的名词离得很远，但是放在句末可能有逻辑主语不确定造成的歧义

kidvii

which includes the establishment of size limits for shark catches, closing state waters for shark fishing during pupping season, and requiring commercial fishers to have federal shark permits.

这三个句子全都说明是a number of remedies

而此Phrase在句中，which一般修饰句尾名词。
including为介词短语，修饰比较灵活。

因此，看到这样的split，直接选including.