【每日阅读训练第二期——速度越障1系列】【1-21】（解析已上传）

Sophia001

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ERIC WONG, who helps run his Hong Kong family’s money through an investment office, TCG Capital, looks like a hedge-fund manager’s dream. He’s rich, young and, having been to university there, comfortable with American ways—just the type of investor that Western hedge funds looking for Asian expansion have set their sights on. He is not, however, very interested. Real estate is the “best pension plan my family ever had,” he says. Why change?
Where they are not greeted with apathy, Asia-minded hedge funds often face antipathy. Since the financial crisis of the late 1990s “fund” has been a four-letter word throughout Asia. George Soros, a famous hedge-fund investor, is still reviled for aggravating and profiting from the crisis. When the Chinese refer to hedge funds as ju e, or “big crocodiles”, it is not by way of a compliment on their killer instincts.
Despite muted interest and outright scorn, though, more and more hedge-fund managers are determined to make their mark on Asia. They see a lot of money to be made, a lack of entrenched competition and a vast number of potential clients.
Ravenous growth and maturing equity and credit markets should mean Asia offers a lot of opportunities. “Our investable universe has doubled in the last five years,” says one happy executive at a fund that recently launched in Hong Kong. At the same time there is little by way of an asset-management industry in much of Asia. Investors’ portfolios mostly consist of just property and stocks, which leaves lots of room for hedge funds’ offerings. And there are vast numbers of millionaires to whom such offers can be made.
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If the hedge funds succeed they could help spur Asian capital markets to grow bigger and more versatile. Few parties have more of an interest than they in seeing Asian markets become more liquid and more complex, since trading is how they make their livelihood. A wider range of financial products could in time also prove a boon for Asian pension funds and others taking stock of the issues raised by the ageing population’s future needs. But building the industry up will not be an easy task; it will take new local knowledge, new approaches to investing and new levels of performance.
Getting beyond the graveyard

It is not as if hedge funds had previously ignored Asia. They have just done poorly there. “Asia is a hedge-fund graveyard,” one executive says matter-of-factly. Another corpse is about to be buried: Perry Capital, a big American hedge fund, recently announced plans to close its Hong Kong office. Assets in Asia-focused hedge funds now stand at $130 billion, well below their 2007 peak (see chart 1), and account for less than 8% of the $1.8 trillion invested in hedge funds globally. They saw just $11 billion of net inflows in the past 12 months. The number of funds, once soaring, has in the past few years merely held steady.
New attempts to buck this trend come not just from an appreciation of Asia’s promise. The lack of promise elsewhere plays a big part, too. Hedge funds have suffered some stormy years in their traditional stomping grounds of New York, Greenwich and London. Having once guaranteed investors “absolute returns”, or performance regardless of the market conditions, their returns over the past three years have been mixed and often dismal. Finding American and European investors willing to pay high fees and write big cheques is hard.
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So new managers are arriving in Hong Kong and Singapore each week to seek out prospective clients and preach the importance of portfolio diversification. And since the start of 2010 many funds have been opening offices in Asia, including giants like Moore Capital, GLG and Paulson & Co. A slew of new funds has also launched in Hong Kong and Singapore. In April Azentus Capital, a Hong Kong hedge fund, was able to raise over $1 billion in Asia’s largest-ever hedge-fund launch. Bill Lu, president of Hong Kong-based hedge fund Ortus Capital and former head of hedge-fund investing for China’s sovereign-wealth fund, CIC, expects the assets funnelled to hedge funds in Asia to double in five years.
This is in part because Asian governments have recently been more supportive of the funds. Earlier this year Shanghai’s government sent a delegation of people to Connecticut to study how Greenwich became a hedge-fund mecca, a trick the city would like to pull off itself one day. Hong Kong and Singapore are keen to become hedge-fund capitals to rival New York and London, and are working hard to craft regulatory regimes that will help. They require hedge funds to register, but aren’t as demanding as America and Europe, which have passed new rules that increase the cost of starting and running funds. And income-tax rates for high earners in Hong Kong (17%) and Singapore (20%) are much lower than in Britain (50%). That’s a powerful argument to a footloose trader.
The enthusiasm is not just in market-oriented cities. South Korea recently changed rules to allow onshore hedge funds for the first time. Asian sovereign-wealth funds, including not just Singapore’s GIC and Temasek but also China’s CIC, have in the past couple of years started to funnel money into hedge funds.
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What’s in a name?
Despite some signs of government enthusiasm, both the Western hedge funds making inroads in Asia and the native funds sprouting up there face markets that are tricky to navigate. Each Asian country has different regulations. Whereas Europe has its UCITS funds, accepted in all EU countries, there is no pan-Asian marketing vehicle for hedge-fund managers. Taiwan doesn’t allow offshore hedge funds to invest there, or to market themselves. The sixth-largest equity market in the world, Shanghai is at present mostly off-limits to investors outside mainland China, though optimists predict some restrictions will ease in the next few years.
Then there’s the bad reputation. Investors may be willing to sit down with crocodiles and hear their pitch, but they are often not eager to invest afterwards. Many, like Mr Wong, don’t see why they should pay a manager high fees (usually 2% of assets and 20% of profits) when they have been handling their own money pretty successfully. It doesn’t help that many big Western hedge funds are accustomed to asking for tens of millions of dollars at a time. Asia’s wealthy like to start with a small allocation to test the waters. And the waters they prefer to test may be those of private-equity firms, with which entrepreneurs who made their fortune building companies are often more comfortable. KKR, an American buy-out firm, has plans to raise a $6 billion Asian fund, an amount the crocodiles would kill for.
The rocky track record of some iconic hedge funds has further troubled potential investors, says Daniel Jim of Tripod Management, which advises Hong Kong investors on hedge funds. Those who invested in hedge funds before 2008 recall bitterly how some of them “gated” investors, refusing to let them take out their money. One manager had the chutzpah to come back to Hong Kong recently and ask a client with money still locked up in his fund for more. The investor went to his office, got the fund’s legal documents and threw them at him.
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Some hedgies try to dodge these negative associations. “We try not to emphasise in presentations that we’re a hedge fund,” says Jimmy Chan, the boss of Value Partners, a publicly listed hedge fund and long-only manager. Yang Liu of Atlantis Investment Management, a $4 billion fund that reportedly counts bigwigs like the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation among its investors, insists she offers “absolute-return products” and “not really hedge funds”.
Another risk for foreigners is how well they know the countries and companies they’re invested in. Take, for example, John Paulson, the hedge-fund guru who made billions of dollars predicting America’s housing crisis. Recently he faced losses to the tune of $500m after a short-seller alleged that a company Mr Paulson invested in, Sino-Forest, didn’t have the timber stocks it claimed: its shares tanked before the Toronto stock exchange, on which it was listed, suspended trading in it. Yet an outside eye can sometimes see things that locals can’t or won’t. Sniffing out fraud and shorting its perpetrators has been a nice earner for Asia’s hedge funds.
For home-grown hedge funds the big problem is not being wrong: it is being small. Around 41% of funds in Asia manage $20m or less, and only 2% manage more than $1 billion, according to Eurekahedge, a research firm. This means they are going to be less attractive to sovereign-wealth funds and big institutions, which write large cheques, do not want to be too much of a fund’s investor-base and are often expressly looking for exposure outside Asia.
That makes foreign investors wanting some Asian growth an attractive prospect for small funds keen to grow. But in the aftermath of the Madoff scandal many investors are loth to put their money with any fund that does not have rigorous (read: costly) compliance and reporting schemes. And hedge funds are not in principle the place for bullish bets on Asian growth. In a bull market hedges should diminish returns. Paul Smith of TripleA Partners, which advises foreigners on investing in Asian funds, says there is twice as much money looking for long-only funds as for hedge funds.
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剩余部分
For that minority which wants the security that hedging offers, the Asian hedge-fund record is still not compelling. They tend to tank when the markets fall (see chart 2). Asian funds are more invested in equities than hedge funds in general, and they take long positions more than short ones—hence the correlation. Since investors in search of an equity roller-coaster ride can buy index-tracking products a lot cheaper, hedge-fund managers need to demonstrate their investment skill better, and offer strategies besides just going long or short on equities. Funds are trying to distinguish themselves by focusing on countries (Japan and China) or instruments (emerging-market currencies).
Many managers have learned lessons from the trauma of the past few downturns and tried to devise ways to cope with the volatility of Asian markets. “If you manage money in Asia, you ought to expect the market to go down 50% every 3-4 years,” says John Ho, the founder of Janchor Partners, a large hedge fund. Investors in Janchor have agreed to lock up their capital for longer, around 2.6 years on average—an eternity in hedge-fund land. This means Mr Ho won’t have to worry about investors running for the exit the next time the market goes down. But until such approaches have a track record of success investors may stay skittish.
The Orient express
Enthusiasts think eventual success for the hedge funds would bring wider benefits. In moving away from equities towards corporate bonds, currencies and new derivatives the funds should add to the liquidity and sophistication of Asian markets. Raising capital will be easier and cheaper when there are more hedge funds hungry for debt or equity. Hedge funds sniffing out fraud will be good for other investors, too.
And then there are changes in the markets which could alter the prospects for hedge funds. Recent signs pointing to trouble in the Asian equity and property markets could move investor sentiment their way. A serious slowdown could show wealthy Asians the merits of putting money into assets other than just equities and property. According to one hedge-fund executive, “I think a slowdown…in Asia could be the best thing to happen to hedge funds here.” For that to pay off, though, the funds will have to ride out the falls in asset prices well. Asia may yet come to love its crocodiles. But they will have to show that they can swim in choppy waters.

越障
What would Jesus hack?
Cybertheology: Just how much does Christian doctrine have in common with the open-source software movement?

“THE kingdom of heaven belongs to such as these,” Jesus said of little children. But computer hackers might give the kids some competition, according to Antonio Spadaro, an Italian Jesuit priest. In an article published earlier this year in La Civiltà Cattolica, a fortnightly magazine backed by the Vatican, entitled “Hacker ethics and Christian vision”, he did not merely praise hackers, but held up their approach to life as in some ways divine. Mr Spadaro argued that hacking is a form of participation in God’s work of creation. (He uses the word hacking in its traditional, noble sense within computing circles, to refer to building or tinkering with code, rather than breaking into websites. Such nefarious activities are instead known as “malicious hacking” or “cracking”.)
Mr Spadaro says he became interested in the subject when he noticed that hackers and students of hacker culture used “the language of theological value” when writing about creativity and coding, so he decided to examine the idea more deeply. The hacker ethic forged on America’s west coast in the 1970s and 1980s was playful, open to sharing, and ready to challenge models of proprietary control, competition and even private property. Hackers were the origin of the “open source” movement which creates and distributes software that is free in two senses: it costs nothing and its underlying code can be modified by anyone to fit their needs. “In a world devoted to the logic of profit,” wrote Mr Spadaro, hackers and Christians have “much to give each other” as they promote a more positive vision of work, sharing and creativity.
He is not the only person to see an affinity between the open-source hacker ethos and Christianity. Catholic open-source advocates have founded a group called Elèutheros to encourage the church to endorse such software. Its manifesto refers to “strong ideal affinities between Christianity, the philosophy of free software, and the adoption of open formats and protocols”. Marco Fioretti, co-founder of the group, says open-source software teaches the “practical dimension of community and service to others that is already in the church message”. There are also legal motivations. Commercial software such as Microsoft Word is widely pirated in many parts of the world, by Catholics as well as others. Mr Fioretti advocates the use of open-source software instead, because he doesn’t want people “to violate a law without any real reason, just to open a church document”.
Although the Vatican has yet to encourage the faithful to live like hackers, it has praised the internet as “truly blessed” for its ability to connect people and share information. The pope has even joined Twitter. But praise has always been tempered by warnings. As early as 2002, for instance, the Vatican’s “Church and Internet” document cautioned that “there are no sacraments on the internet” and worried about the solipsistic appeal of technology. Moreover, hackers in particular have problematic traits from the perspective of the Catholic church, such as a distrust of authorities and scepticism toward received wisdom. And the idea of tweaking source materials to fit one’s needs doesn’t mesh well with the Catholic emphasis on authority and tradition.
Cathedrals and bazaars
Mr Spadaro recognises these tensions but finds them manageable. Not everyone agrees. Eric Raymond, author of a classic essay on open-source software, “The Cathedral and the Bazaar”, finds it hard to believe that some Christians want to canonise the hacker mindset. After being quoted in Mr Spadaro’s paper, Mr Raymond took to his own website to note that he had deliberately equated cathedrals with proprietary, closed-source software directed from above, by contrast with the more chaotic bazaar of equals which produces open-source code. “Cathedrals—vertical, centralising religious edifices imbued with a tradition of authoritarianism and ‘revealed truth’—are the polar opposite of the healthy, sceptical, anti-authoritarian nous at the heart of the hacker culture,” Mr Raymond declared. As for Mr Spadaro’s ideas, they possessed a “special, almost unique looniness”.
But Mr Spadaro is merely the latest to link coding with Christian attitudes towards creativity and sharing. Don Parris, a North Carolina pastor, wrote an article in Linux Journal in 2004 in which he argued that “proprietary software limits my ability to help my neighbour, one of the cornerstones of the Christian faith.” Larry Wall, the creator of Perl, an open-source programming language, said in an interview a decade ago that God expects humans to create—and to help others do so. Mr Wall said he saw his popular language as just such a prod to creation, saying, “In my little way, I’m sneakily helping people understand a bit more about the sort of people God likes.”
More recently Kevin Kelly, co-founder of Wired magazine and author of “What Technology Wants”, published last year, has argued that creation can go further in code. Whereas a novelist can craft a new world, coders can build worlds complete with artificial agents that exist and evolve outside the creator’s mind. Mr Kelly takes literally the words of his friend Stewart Brand, whose “Whole Earth Catalog” quipped, “We are as gods and might as well get good at it.” Mr Kelly, a Christian, says the ability to create artificial life will come with great parental responsibility and suggests that artificial worlds will need to be imbued with moral value. “This causes a kind of revival of religion,” he says, “because religion has been thinking about this issue.”
From the outside, hacking computer code has largely been viewed as a technical discipline, not as a theologically rich vision of how to live. But some see a divine aspect to programming—at least when looking with the eye of faith.

（956）

OG

Passage 29 (29/63)
Studies of the Weddell seal in the laboratory have described the physiological mechanisms that allow the seal to cope with the extreme oxygen deprivation that occurs during its longest dives, which can extend 500 meters below the ocean’s surface and last for over 70 minutes. Recent field studies, however, suggest that during more typical dives in the wild, this seal’s physiological behavior is different.
In the laboratory, when the seal dives below the surface of the water and stops breathing, its heart beats more slowly, requiring less oxygen, and its arteries become constricted, ensuring that the seal’s blood remains concentrated near those organs most crucial to its ability to navigate underwater. The seal essentially shuts off the flow of blood to other organs, which either stop functioning until the seal surfaces or switch to an anaerobic (oxygen-independent) metabolism. The latter results in the production of large amounts of lactic acid which can adversely affect the pH of the seal’s blood, but since the anaerobic metabolism occurs only in those tissues which have been isolated from the seal’s blood supply, the lactic acid is released into the seal’s blood only after the seal surfaces, when the lungs, liver, and other organs quickly clear the acid from the seal’s bloodstream.
Recent field studies, however, reveal that on dives in the wild, the seal usually heads directly for its prey and returns to the surface in less than twenty minutes. The absence of high levels of lactic acid in the seal’s blood after such dives suggests that during them, the seal’s organs do not resort to the anaerobic metabolism observed in the laboratory, but are supplied with oxygen from the blood. The seal’s longer excursions underwater, during which it appears to be either exploring distant routes or evading a predator, do evoke the diving response seen in the laboratory. But why do the seal’s laboratory dives always evoke this response, regardless of their length or depth? Some biologists speculate that because in laboratory dives the seal is forcibly submerged, it does not know how long it will remain underwater and so prepares for the worst.
1.    The passage provides information to support which of the following generalizations?
(A) Observations of animals’ physiological behavior in the wild are not reliable unless verified by laboratory studies.
(B) It is generally less difficult to observe the physiological behavior of an animal in the wild than in the laboratory.
(C) The level of lactic acid in an animal’s blood is likely to be higher when it is searching for prey than when it is evading predators.
(D) The level of lactic acid in an animal’s blood is likely to be lowest during those periods in which it experiences oxygen deprivation.
(E) The physiological behavior of animals in a laboratory setting is not always consistent with their physiological behavior in the wild.
2.    It can be inferred from the passage that by describing the Weddell seal as preparing “for the worst” (line 41), biologists mean that it
(A) prepares to remain underwater for no longer than twenty minutes
(B) exhibits physiological behavior similar to that which characterizes dives in which it heads directly for its prey
(C) exhibits physiological behavior similar to that which characterizes its longest dives in the wild
(D) begins to exhibit predatory behavior
(E) clears the lactic acid from its blood before attempting to dive
3.    The passage suggests that during laboratory dives, the pH of the Weddell seal’s blood is not adversely affected by the production of lactic acid because
(A) only those organs that are essential to the seal’s ability to navigate underwater revert to an anaerobic mechanism
(B) the seal typically reverts to an anaerobic metabolism only at the very end of the dive
(C) organs that revert to an anaerobic metabolism are temporarily isolated from the seal’s bloodstream
(D) oxygen continues to be supplied to organs that clear lactic acid from the seal’s bloodstream
(E) the seal remains submerged for only short periods of time
4.    Which of the following best summarizes the main point of the passage?
(A) Recent field studies have indicated that descriptions of the physiological behavior of the Weddell seal during laboratory dives are not applicable to its most typical dives in the wild.
(B) The Weddell seal has developed a number of unique mechanisms that enable it to remain submerged at depths of up to 500 meters for up to 70 minutes.
(C) The results of recent field studies have made it necessary for biologists to revise previous perceptions of how the Weddell seal behaves physiologically during its longest dives in the wild.
(D) Biologists speculate that laboratory studies of the physiological behavior of seals during dives lasting more than twenty minutes would be more accurate if the seals were not forcibly submerged.
(E) How the Weddell seal responds to oxygen deprivation during its longest dives appears to depend on whether the seal is searching for prey or avoiding predators during such dives.
5.    According to the author, which of the following is true of the laboratory studies mentioned in line 1?
(A) They fail to explain how the seal is able to tolerate the increased production of lactic acid by organs that revert to an anaerobic metabolism during its longest dives in the wild.
(B) They present an oversimplified account of mechanisms that the Weddell seal relies on during its longest dives in the wild.
(C) They provide evidence that undermines the view that the Weddell seal relies on an anaerobic metabolism during its most typical dives in the wild.
(D) They are based on the assumption that Weddell seals rarely spend more than twenty minutes underwater on a typical dive in the wild.
(E) They provide an accurate account of the physiological behavior of Weddell seals during those dives in the wild in which they are either evading predators or exploring distant routes.
6.    The author cites which of the following as characteristic of the Weddell seal’s physiological behavior during dives observed in the laboratory?
I.    A decrease in the rate at which the seal’s heart beats
II.    A constriction of the seal’s arteries
III.    A decrease in the levels of lactic acid in the seal’s blood
IV.    A temporary halt in the functioning of certain organs
(A) I and III only
(B) II and IV only
(C) II and III only
(D) I, II, and IV only
(E) I, III, and IV only
7.    The passage suggests that because Weddell seals are forcibly submerged during laboratory dives, they do which of the following?
(A) Exhibit the physiological responses that are characteristic of dives in the wild that last less than twenty minutes.
(B) Exhibit the physiological responses that are characteristic of the longer dives they undertake in the wild.
(C) Cope with oxygen deprivation less effectively than they do on typical dives in the wild.
(D) Produce smaller amounts of lactic acid than they do on typical dives in the wild.
(E) Navigate less effectively than they do on typical dives in the wild.

答案：ECCAE DB\
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以下是马好肥同学的解析
Studies of the Weddell seal in the laboratory have described the physiological mechanisms that allow the seal to cope with the extreme oxygen deprivation that occurs during its longest dives, which can extend 500 meters below the ocean’s surface and last for over 70 minutes. （第五题定位）Recent field studies, however, suggest that during more typical dives in the wild, this seal’s physiological behavior is different.

In the laboratory, when the seal dives below the surface of the water and stops breathing, its heart beats more slowly,（第六题定位） requiring less oxygen, and its arteries become constricted（第六题定位）, ensuring that the seal’s blood remains concentrated near those organs most crucial to its ability to navigate underwater. The seal essentially shuts off the flow of blood to other organs, which either stop functioning （第六题定位）until the seal surfaces or switch to an anaerobic (oxygen-independent) metabolism. The latter results in the production of large amounts of lactic acid（第六题定位，告诉我们III不对） which can adversely affect the pH of the seal’s blood, but since the anaerobic metabolism occurs only in those tissues which have been isolated from the seal’s blood supply（第三题定位）, the lactic acid is released into the seal’s blood only after the seal surfaces, when the lungs, liver, and other organs quickly clear the acid from the seal’s bloodstream.

Recent field studies, however, reveal that on dives in the wild, the seal usually heads directly for its prey and returns to the surface in less than twenty minutes. The absence of high levels of lactic acid in the seal’s blood after such dives suggests that during them, the seal’s organs do not resort to the anaerobic metabolism observed in the laboratory, but are supplied with oxygen from the blood. The seal’s longer excursions underwater, during which it appears to be either exploring distant routes or evading a predator, （第五题定位）do evoke the diving response seen in the laboratory. But why do the seal’s laboratory dives always evoke this response, regardless of their length or depth? Some biologists speculate that because in laboratory dives the seal is forcibly submerged, it does not know how long it will remain underwater and so prepares for the worst.（第二题定位）

1.    The passage provides information to support which of the following generalizations? 【E】
(A) Observations of animals’ physiological behavior in the wild are not reliable unless verified by laboratory studies.
(B) It is generally less difficult to observe the physiological behavior of an animal in the wild than in the laboratory.
(C) The level of lactic acid in an animal’s blood is likely to be higher when it is searching for prey than when it is evading predators.
(D) The level of lactic acid in an animal’s blood is likely to be lowest during those periods in which it experiences oxygen deprivation.
(E) The physiological behavior of animals in a laboratory setting is not always consistent with their physiological behavior in the wild.
2.    It can be inferred from the passage that by describing the Weddell seal as preparing “for the worst” (line 41), biologists mean that it 【C】
(A) prepares to remain underwater for no longer than twenty minutes
(B) exhibits physiological behavior similar to that which characterizes dives in which it heads directly for its prey
(C) exhibits physiological behavior similar to that which characterizes its longest dives in the wild
(D) begins to exhibit predatory behavior
(E) clears the lactic acid from its blood before attempting to dive
3.    The passage suggests that during laboratory dives, the pH of the Weddell seal’s blood is not adversely affected by the production of lactic acid because 【C】
(A) only those organs that are essential to the seal’s ability to navigate underwater revert to an anaerobic mechanism
(B) the seal typically reverts to an anaerobic metabolism only at the very end of the dive
(C) organs that revert to an anaerobic metabolism are temporarily isolated from the seal’s bloodstream
(D) oxygen continues to be supplied to organs that clear lactic acid from the seal’s bloodstream
(E) the seal remains submerged for only short periods of time
4.    Which of the following best summarizes the main point of the passage? 【A】
(A) Recent field studies have indicated that descriptions of the physiological behavior of the Weddell seal during laboratory dives are not applicable to its most typical dives in the wild.
(B) The Weddell seal has developed a number of unique mechanisms that enable it to remain submerged at depths of up to 500 meters for up to 70 minutes.
(C) The results of recent field studies have made it necessary for biologists to revise previous perceptions of how the Weddell seal behaves physiologically during its longest dives in the wild.
(D) Biologists speculate that laboratory studies of the physiological behavior of seals during dives lasting more than twenty minutes would be more accurate if the seals were not forcibly submerged.
(E) How the Weddell seal responds to oxygen deprivation during its longest dives appears to depend on whether the seal is searching for prey or avoiding predators during such dives.
5.    According to the author, which of the following is true of the laboratory studies mentioned in line 1? 【E】
(A) They fail to explain how the seal is able to tolerate the increased production of lactic acid by organs that revert to an anaerobic metabolism during its longest dives in the wild.
(B) They present an oversimplified account of mechanisms that the Weddell seal relies on during its longest dives in the wild.
(C) They provide evidence that undermines the view that the Weddell seal relies on an anaerobic metabolism during its most typical dives in the wild.
(D) They are based on the assumption that Weddell seals rarely spend more than twenty minutes underwater on a typical dive in the wild.
(E) They provide an accurate account of the physiological behavior of Weddell seals during those dives in the wild in which they are either evading predators or exploring distant routes.
6.    The author cites which of the following as characteristic of the Weddell seal’s physiological behavior during dives observed in the laboratory? 【D】
I.    A decrease in the rate at which the seal’s heart beats
II.    A constriction of the seal’s arteries
III.    A decrease in the levels of lactic acid in the seal’s blood
IV.    A temporary halt in the functioning of certain organs
(A) I and III only
(B) II and IV only    
(C) II and III only
(D) I, II, and IV only
(E) I, III, and IV only
7.    The passage suggests that because Weddell seals are forcibly submerged during laboratory dives, they do which of the following? 【B】
(A) Exhibit the physiological responses that are characteristic of dives in the wild that last less than twenty minutes.
(B) Exhibit the physiological responses that are characteristic of the longer dives they undertake in the wild.
(C) Cope with oxygen deprivation less effectively than they do on typical dives in the wild.
(D) Produce smaller amounts of lactic acid than they do on typical dives in the wild.
(E) Navigate less effectively than they do on typical dives in the wild.

先自我批评下，好久没写解析，这几天一直浑浑噩噩的。哎哎。今天重整旗鼓。
这篇文章我超级喜欢，因为一看到科技类的就意味着不用怎么动脑子了。
看上去说得很玄乎的样子吧，我们看文章来。
第一段我们直接找到however。好吧，直接划归到新旧观点对比题吧。However之前的是旧观点，之后的是新观点。

第二段就是把however之前的那个观点给拓展解释了下。记点关键词诸如shuts off the flow of blood to other organs, production of large amounts of lactic acid, 这类的。我们到具体题目再用。

第三段是一个与之前观点不同的，由野外获取的观察结果。同时解释了下第二段的解释为什么不对。

文章结构不是太难吧。我们来看题。

第一题，根据前面分析的文章结构，我们可以很轻易的推断出来，实验室的测试结果和野外是不同的。

第二题，根据第三段的意思，就是海豹在实验室都是按最坏的情况来选择生存模式。而野外最坏的环境是什么样的？就是我们要选的选项。

第三题，定好位,原文中的话。

第四题，按前面的解析来就好。新旧观点对比。找到类似这个态度就可以了。

第五题，两处定位点。实际第一处里看不到正确答案的。联系第二处才可以。

第六题，罗马题。真心头大这类题。没别的着了，一个个找吧。

第七题，感觉和之前的第二题重了。反正就是那个意思。找到就好了。

最后要说，这类科普文章就是一个纸老虎！遇见不认识的单词，不要担心嘛，gmac的出题人估计也和你一样不认识。所以那些你不认得词估计和题目逻辑没啥关系，放宽心就好嘛。我们需要做的只是寻找喽。就看你找的速度了。所以，才有咱阅读小分队存在的必要啊！哈哈！大家加油，共勉！我这准备二战，暴力突破语法中。

yuantengxuanwu

果断沙发占位，先把上一个补了再来
1‘30
1'17
1'16
1'23
1'36越发觉得自己财经词汇少，看不懂，像做越障
the intro of the hacker praise
the reason for the complement.
open sourcem not every one agree with it
there are also others who discovers the untility.
什么基督，几乎没读懂啊

南瓜0729

1'22
1'17
1'27
1'30
1'30
速度没有看懂     但是好像没什么生词 就是读不进去。。。。。。

shelvey

很久没做了，有些生了，争取这两天内赶上
速度
2‘00
2’15
1‘32
1’38
1‘57

越障：
讲的是基督教的教义和现代软件开源的问题。

1. Jesus content that hacking is a form of participation in God’s work of creation，arguing that hackers and Christians have “much to give each other” as they promote a more positive vision of work, sharing and creativity
2.Catholic open-source advocates have founded a group called Elèutheros to encourage the church to endorse such software. There are also legal motivations
3.discuss whether are these tensions   manageable

xeyyxzty

1'29''    1'24''
1'24''
1'42''
1'47''

5'03''
hackers create world, like gods do.
open-source (created by hackers) has two advantages: free; it can be modified by anyone.
some think that hackers are a group of people that are suspicious, disrespect authority.
some think hackers are good. hackers help people.
internet makes people connect with each other, help each other. it is good for Christianity.
宗教和黑客具体的关系的部分没太看懂~~~
an artificial world need principles, so it needs religions.

林水监

速度
1 0:01:47
2 0:01:23
3 0:01:08
4 0:01:29
5 0:01:35    
 
越障：0:04:21    
C提出观点，赞美hack与Christian有异曲同工之妙。并给出了理由，hacking的两种途径，和为什么C说hacking好--however，也有hacking并不完全像C说的那样，给出了两个例子--反对C的人怎么说，支持C的人怎么说，最后从outside的角度看待。

reading part
No    Answer    Time    NotSure?
1    E    0:00:57    
2    C    0:01:16    
3    C    0:01:15    
4    A    0:00:15    
5    B    0:01:09    F
6    C    0:01:16    F
7    B    0:00:00请问大家下面的句子怎么理解呢？
Where they are not greeted with apathy, Asia-minded hedge funds often face antipathy.

fox0923

1'05"
1'32"
1'22"
1'34"
1'56"

fox0923

- The Hacker has already been considered divine among some Christianities.
1. Mr S. stated that the open source software has two reasons to be considered in this way: one is that the computer code is a free resource; the second is that the computer code is considered as creative technology.
2. These two reasons bring the similarity between the hacker and the beauty of Christian.
- Some churches are using open source software such as Microsoft Word.
- Since 2002, the internet information has been concerned as distrustful messages, but this does not change the ideas of Christianities much, they still believe that the technology can be well managed without disrupting its creativity.
- Some people hold the opposite side against these ideas from Christianities. Mr. Raymond claimed that the Christian supposed to be more closed and send more conventional messages rather than the message that the Hacker gives.
- Mr. Kelly, a co-founder of Wired magazine said that the beauty of computer code will revive the religion, and achieve how people live their lives, while not just a indication of pure technology itself.

fox0923

Where they are not greeted with apathy, Asia-minded hedge funds often face antipathy.

应该是说有亚洲文化理念的对冲基金即便在不那么过于冷淡的市场上也还是会遇到很多棘手的问题。
自己的想法，中文翻译不太好，open to discuss.

铁板神猴

我要踩在第一页~~~