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咳咳~~不知不觉两个星期啦~队长再来总结一下哦~由于最近事情比较多,所以有时候有的帖子我也落下了~~不起带头作用的队长自罚哈~努力补作业中,这次我在说说这个攻克的问题哦~貌似大家对这个积极性不高,这个大家可以根据自己的情况选择做或者不做,但是我们要知道,既然来论坛里做题,就要发挥论坛这个优势,就是可以讨论,速度越障我们木有问题,不需要讨论,之所以弄攻克,是因为这是我们考试会遇到的,而且有CD这个平台,我们做做不会的可以讨论,队长我现在开始争取每晚之前把自己的想法和理解PU上来,还有感谢mahaofei同鞋,他写的分析很详细,我希望大家有时间也都可以做一做,我们一起讨论,这样也会有进步。 All That Authenticity May Be Getting Old 计时1: LIKE so many others her age, Casey Barber, 33, furnished her home with affordable basics from major retailers, pieces like that requisite “Ikea table that is still making the rounds after all these years,” she said. But when it came to accessories, Ms. Barber, a writer and the editor of the Web site Good.Food.Stories., took care to search out the unique and handmade — things that communicated her personality and a certain sense of authenticity. One of her prized possessions, which hangs in the stairwell of the house she shares with her husband in Clifton, N.J., is a graphic print by the small studio JHill Design,depicting the bridges of Pittsburgh, where Ms. Barber grew up. She also has a number of other art posters bought onEtsy, the crafts Web site, along with a few antique maps, a collection of postcards from the 1940s and ’50s and a cardboard bust of a bison that she bought at a shop in Chicago that sells antiques and quirky home accessories. But recently, all this authenticity has begun to wear on her. Objects she once would have valued for their uniqueness have begun to seem like a “design uniform,” Ms. Barber said, now that the popularity of “one of a kind” things has become so widespread. Even the major retailers have gotten into the game. West Elm is promoting items by Etsy vendors, Restoration Hardware has commissioned artisans to design products that look antique, and Pottery Barn is selling vintage pieces like pickling jars from Hungary andpillow covers made from old grain sacks. Even CB2, the playful, modern sibling of Crate and Barrel, is peddling a series of vintage and limited-edition products called One of a Finds. “If you spend enough time looking at this stuff” — objects that are vintage, handmade or that just appropriate those looks — “you get overloaded pretty quickly,” Ms. Barber said. 【字数:310】 计时2: How much authenticity is too much? It’s an oddly philosophical question, given the subject matter, but one that might occur to anyone confronted with the deluge of vintage and artisanal products now available online and through mass-market retailers. Put another way, have we finally reached a saturation point, where the “authentic” loses its eternal quality and becomes just another fad? “It really is something we think about a lot,” said Vanessa Holden, West Elm’s creative director, who was formerly the editor in chief of Martha Stewart Living magazine. “It’s a word that is thrown around way too easily. When we talk about authenticity, we’re very, very serious about getting as close to the source as we can, in terms of either the craft or the execution.” A year ago, West Elm, the modern home furnishings retailer, which was already working with artisans and designers, formed a partnership with Etsy, the online marketplace that has been the engine and communal center of the all-things-handmade movement. West Elm now features products by Etsy vendors in its catalogs and on its Web site, and hosts events called We Heart Handmade Art, which provide the vendors physical space where they can sell their wares. And on Dec. 1, the retailer will host an Etsy night at all its stores nationwide, where customers can create their own Christmas ornaments for trees that will be donated to local charities. While there may be untold branding benefits, West Elm does not profit from the Etsy sales. Customers buy directly from the vendors, and there is no cut for the retailer. “It’s really about adding those diverse voices to our mix,” Ms. Holden said. Meanwhile, Restoration Hardware is working with a number of artisans to create vintage reproductions that can be seen, along with a variety of other vintage-looking pieces, in the company’s 616-page fall catalog, which features magazine-style profiles of the creators. 【字数:315】 计时3: Pottery Barn, which, like West Elm, is owned by Williams-Sonoma, sells vintage items from around the world as part of a collection called “Found.” Similarly, CB2 offers its own selection of vintage pieces, like hand-carved toys from India, as well as a line of items called “Hand-Touched” — tied-dyed rugs, for example, or ottomans swathed in sweater-like knitted covers — with handmade elements. (Birds, a totem of the crafts movement, are big at CB2 as well, where they can be found holding candles and printed on bed linens and pillow covers.) Those vintage toys and handmade furnishings are one way Marta Calle, CB2’s director, has tried to temper the company’s identification with an aesthetic of hard edges and high gloss. “When I first came on the brand, it was a little cold, a little sterile,” said Ms. Calle, who joined the company in 2004. This is her answer, she said, to the question of “how do you add texture to the store?” Needless to say, many of the artisans have benefited as well. Jason Lewis, 36, one of the craftsmen hired by CB2, was making furniture to order at his shop in Chicago before he began working with the company two years ago. Since then, he has hand-built an edition of 200 American black walnut side tables, which the company sells for about $400 each, roughly half of what Mr. Lewis would have had to charge if he were building them one at a time in his shop, he said. All were made over the course of a summer, in a kind of artisanal assembly line he created in his studio. “I felt like an employee at a Ford plant,” he said, “drilling 1,200 holes in a day or two.” 【字数:288】 计时4: Mr. Lewis has also designed several chairs that the retailer is mass-producing in China. His relationship with CB2, he said, is “slowly transforming my business, in terms of raising my profile. Before, my market was local. Now I’m seeing orders from around the country.”
DECORATING, said Stephen Drucker, the former editor of House Beautiful, “always has two goals: comfort and display.” “A 1930s pickling jar from Hungary, or anything Etsy,” he continued, “serves the same purpose as a 20-pound Swedish crystal ashtray did for my parents: It says, ‘We’re different, we’re daring, we’re not boring.’ ” And by mass-marketing those products, said Sarah Firshein, the editor of the real estate and interior design blog Curbed National, “Retailers are making these kinds of objects very available to people who might not be able to otherwise find them, or afford them.” Molly Erdman, 37, an actress and writer in Los Angeles, agrees. “It’s smart on their part,” she said, referring to the retailers. “They’re trying to let people have that folk-artsy look, but from a place in your local mall, where you can get it.” And while she pokes fun at the style on her blog, Catalog Living , she’s not immune to the charms of “the cozy stuff,” as she calls it. In fact, Ms. Erdman is the proud owner of “a fake-antique bird cage with a porcelain owl in it” that she bought from the discount retailer Ross. “Here’s the tragedy of it,” she said. “If I saw it in a catalog, I would completely make fun of it. But I was like, ‘I have to have this.’ ” “My big plan for it, which is even worse,” she added, “is that I want to hang it from the ceiling and put Christmas lights in it. I am spending too much time looking at these Web sites. It has affected me.” That wouldn’t surprise Maxwell Gillingham-Ryan, an interior designer who founded the widely read Web siteApartment Therapy. He maintains that the style’s popularity has been a decade in the making, and that it won’t be fading any time soon. 【字数:349】
计时5:: “People are looking for things that are authentic,” he said. “I think it started happening after 2001: first there was 9/11, followed by recession. There was a certain exhaustion with the shiny and perfect. People didn’t relate to it anymore.” But the vintage and artisanal, he said, “will resonate with people as long as we live in these times.” Maybe not with everyone, though. As Dmitri Siegel put it: “When you pile Etsy on top of Etsy, it gets really cacophonous: ‘Everything in here is totally unique!’ It starts canceling itself out.” Mr. Siegel, 38, who moved to Ventura, Calif., from Philadelphia this fall with his wife, Woodwyn Koons, 36, and their 4-year-old son, Arlo, lost nearly everything, including a large collection of vintage furnishings, when their moving van caught fire. The moving company returned a few things that could be salvaged, including a vintage apple-green dining table and a 19th-century illustration of “furry animals in a pastoral scene,” as Ms. Koons described it, bought at a flea market in the Berkshires. But “it felt kind of weird,” said Mr. Siegel, who was until recently the executive director of marketing for Urban Outfitters and is now vice president for global e-commerce at Patagonia. While their one-of-a-kind furnishings fit seamlessly into their old home, none of it seemed right for their new life. “I had a whole vintage teacup collection that is now so hideous to me,” Ms. Koons said. “I feel like I am going to make my own fire and torch it all.” As they began furnishing their new house from scratch, they found themselves choosing pieces with clean, modern lines that “could be a backdrop for whatever we were interested in at the moment,” Mr. Siegel said. In other words, he said, “not trying to express your personality and your total individuality with every single thing in your house.” Ms. Koons, who recently completed her doctorate in clinical psychology, calls it a “very unornamental aesthetic.” What does that mean to her? “No bird pillows,” she said. “And actually, we had a lot of bird pillows. I had two bird duvets. I had birds on the wall. So it’s a real about-face.” 【字数:363】 China Reins in Entertainment and Blogging
BEIJING — Political censorship in this authoritarian state has long been heavy-handed. But for years, the Communist Party has tolerated a creeping liberalization in popular culture, tacitly allowing everything from popular knockoffs of “American Idol”-style talent shows to freewheeling microblogs that let media groups prosper and let people blow off steam. Now, the party appears to be saying “enough.” Whether spooked by popular uprisings worldwide, a coming leadership transition at home or their own citizens’ increasingly provocative tastes, Communist leaders are proposing new limits on media and Internet freedoms that include some of the most restrictive measures in years. The most striking instance occurred Tuesday, when the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television ordered 34 major regional television stations to limit themselves to no more than two 90-minute entertainment shows each per week, and collectively 10 nationwide. They are also being ordered to broadcast two hours of state-approved news every evening and to disregard audience ratings in their programming decisions. The ministry said the measures, to go into effect on Jan. 1, were aimed at rooting out “excessive entertainment and vulgar tendencies.” The restrictions arrived as party leaders signaled new curbs on China’s short-message, Twitter-like microblogs, an Internet sensation that has mushroomed in less than two years into a major — and difficult to control — source of whistle-blowing. Microbloggers, some of whom have attracted millions of followers, have been exposing scandals and official malfeasance, including an attempted cover-up of a recent high-speed rail accident, with astonishing speed and popularity. On Wednesday, the Communist Party’s Central Committee called in a report on its annual meeting for an “Internet management system” that would strictly regulate social network and instant-message systems, and punish those who spread “harmful information.” The focus of the meeting, held this month, was on culture and ideology.
Analysts and employees inside the private companies that manage the microblogs say party officials are pressing for increasingly strict and swift censorship of unapproved opinions. Perhaps most telling, the authorities are discussing requiring microbloggers to register accounts with their real names and identification numbers instead of the anonymous handles now in wide use. Although China’s most famous bloggers tend to use their own names, requiring everyone to do so would make online whistle-blowing and criticism of officialdom — two public services not easily duplicated elsewhere — considerably riskier. It would “definitely be harmful to free speech,” said one microblog editor who refused to be named for fear of reprisal. This newly buttoned-down approach coincides with a planned shift in the top leadership of the ruling party and government, an intricate process that will last for the next year. During such a period, tolerance for outspokenness outside official channels tends to shrink, and bureaucrats eager for promotion show their conservative stripes. The crackdown also follows popular uprisings across the Middle East that appear to have given China’s leaders pause regarding their own hold on absolute power. In the view of some, it also tracks the influence in China’s ruling hierarchy of hard-liners like Zhou Yongkang, the public security chief who helped preside over the suppression of riots by ethnic Uighurs in western China’s Xinjiang region. On Tuesday, Xinhua, the state news agency, reported that Mr. Zhou was urging authorities “to solve problems regarding social integrity, morality and Internet management” and that he had called for “the early introduction of laws and regulations on the management of the Internet,” among other things. Nobody outside China’s closeted leadership knows the true reason for the maneuvers, beyond a general and intangible sense of uneasiness over the degree to which freer speech is taking root here.
The microblogs, or weibos, are perhaps the prime example. In the last year, weibos have become the forum of choice for Chinese to pass on news and gossip about scandals involving government and the elite. The two largest, run by the privately held Sina Corporation and Tencent Holdings, each count more than 200 million registered users. In the face of official censorship, their weibos are filled with salacious tales of official malfeasance, such as a July frenzy — photographs included — over a Yunnan Province city official’s sex orgy. Industry insiders say the principal weibo (pronounced way-bwah) regulators, based in Beijing and the Shenzhen Communist Party Internet offices, have been assailed by government leaders elsewhere for allowing the scandals to spread online unchecked. In fact, the government could easily shut down microblogs. Officials disconnected the entire Internet in Xinjiang for 10 months after the ethnic riots there in 2009. But their growing popularity makes that highly unlikely. The number of users has quadrupled in a single year.
Song Jianwu, dean of the school of journalism and communication at China University of Political Science and Law, said Chinese leaders accepted the need for such outlets for expression. But in the case of weibos, he added, “they are also concerned that this safety valve could turn into an explosive device.” He said the government might gradually require more and more users to register under their real names, while demanding that operators monitor posts more closely. “I think they will do it in a step-by-step fashion,” he said. “We hope and we have suggested that they will do it in manner that is not antagonistic.” Some changes are already evident. Besides the in-house monitors who already scan posts for forbidden topics, operators in recent months have bolstered “rumor refutal”departments, staffed by editors, to investigate and knock down information deemed false.
Top officials, including Liu Qi, the party secretary of Beijing, have held publicized visits to microblog companies, sometimes accompanied by popular microbloggers, in which he urged people to uphold social order and the proper ideology — and implying that their own status in official eyes would depend on their cooperation. State restrictions on television are murkier. The rules ostensibly apply to CCTV-1, the general programming channel of Central China Television, but not to CCTV-3, which specializes in arts and entertainment, according to a report in the English-language edition of Global Times, an official newspaper. Many people in the industry have interpreted the decree and earlier measures by central officials as attempts to bolster the ratings of CCTV against the onslaught of entertainment shows produced by satellite stations, which have been wildly successful. Last year, officials told producers of “If You Are the One,” a popular dating show on Jiangsu Satellite Television, to tone down the program. Last month, the authorities suspended a talent show on Hunan Satellite Television, “Super Girl,” for exceeding a broadcast time limit. Many industry observers said the show may have been offensive for other reasons, including prompting home viewers to show support for their favorite contestants through cellphone texting, an action akin to voting. The shutdown of “Super Girl” was taken as a warning throughout the television industry and presaged the new rules. Bill Bishop, a business consultant and media industry analyst in Beijing, wrote on his blog,DigiCha, that the new limits could drive television viewers to look for entertainment on the Internet. On the other hand, he added, officials might be preparing restrictions for online video content. “The trend in China appears to be towards more, not less, regulation,” he wrote. “Investors may want to consider factoring in greater regulatory risk.” 【字数:1196】 Passage 23 (23/63)(OG—11) At the end of the nineteenth century, a rising interest in Native American customs and an increasing desire to understand Native American culture prompted ethnologists to begin recording the life stories of Native American. Ethnologists had a distinct reason for wanting to hear the stories: they were after linguistic or anthropological data that would supplement their own field observations, and they believed that the personal stories, even of a single individual, could increase their understanding of the cultures that they had been observing from without. In addition many ethnologists at the turn of the century believed that Native American manners and customs were rapidly disappearing, and that it was important to preserve for posterity as much information as could be adequately recorded before the cultures disappeared forever. There were, however, arguments against this method as a way of acquiring accurate and complete information. Franz Boas, for example, described autobiographies as being “of limited value, and useful chiefly for the study of the perversion of truth by memory,” while Paul Radin contended that investigators rarely spent enough time with the tribes they were observing, and inevitably derived results too tinged by the investigator’s own emotional tone to be reliable. Even more importantly, as these life stories moved from the traditional oral mode to recorded written form, much was inevitably lost. Editors often decided what elements were significant to the field research on a given tribe. Native Americans recognized that the essence of their lives could not be communicated in English and that events that they thought significant were often deemed unimportant by their interviewers. Indeed, the very act of telling their stories could force Native American narrators to distort their cultures, as taboos had to be broken to speak the names of dead relatives crucial to their family stories. Despite all of this, autobiography remains a useful tool for ethnological research: such personal reminiscences and impressions, incomplete as they may be, are likely to throw more light on the working of the mind and emotions than any amount of speculation from an ethnologist or ethnological theorist from another culture. 1. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage? (A) The historical backgrounds of two currently used research methods are chronicled. (B) The validity of the data collected by using two different research methods is compared. (C) The usefulness of a research method is questioned and then a new method is proposed. (D) The use of a research method is described and the limitations of the results obtained are discussed. (E) A research method is evaluated and the changes necessary for its adaptation to other subject areas are discussed. 2. Which of the following is most similar to the actions of nineteenth-century ethnologists in their editing of the life stories of Native Americans? (A) A witness in a jury trial invokes the Fifth Amendment in order to avoid relating personally incriminating evidence. (B) A stockbroker refuses to divulge the source of her information on the possible future increase in a stock’s value. (C) A sports announcer describes the action in a team sport with which he is unfamiliar. (D) A chef purposely excludes the special ingredient from the recipe of his prizewinning dessert. (E) A politician fails to mention in a campaign speech the similarities in the positions held by her opponent for political office and by herself. 3. According to the passage, collecting life stories can be a useful methodology because (A) life stories provide deeper insights into a culture than the hypothesizing of academics who are not members of that culture (B) life stories can be collected easily and they are not subject to invalid interpretations (C) ethnologists have a limited number of research methods from which to choose (D) life stories make it easy to distinguish between the important and unimportant features of a culture (E) the collection of life stories does not require a culturally knowledgeable investigator 4. Information in the passage suggests that which of the following may be a possible way to eliminate bias in the editing of life stories? (A) Basing all inferences made about the culture on an ethnological theory (B) Eliminating all of the emotion-laden information reported by the informant (C) Translating the informant’s words into the researcher’s language (D) Reducing the number of questions and carefully specifying the content of the questions that the investigator can ask the informant (E) Reporting all of the information that the informant provides regardless of the investigator’s personal opinion about its intrinsic value 5. The primary purpose of the passage as a whole is to (A) question an explanation (B) correct a misconception (C) critiquea methodology (D) discredit an idea (E) clarify an ambiguity 6. It can be inferred from the passage that a characteristic of the ethnological research on Native Americans conducted during the nineteenth century was the use of which of the following? (A) Investigators familiar with the culture under study (B) A language other than the informant’s for recording life stories (C) Life stories as the ethnologist’s primary source of information (D) Complete transcriptions of informants’ descriptions of tribal beliefs (E) Stringent guidelines for the preservation of cultural data 7. The passage mentions which of the following as a factor that can affect the accuracy of ethnologists’ transcriptions of life stories? (A) The informants’ social standing within the culture (B) The inclusiveness of the theory that provided the basis for the research (C) The length of time the researchers spent in the culture under study (D) The number of life stories collected by the researchers (E) The verifiability of the information provided by the research informants 8. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about the usefulness of life stories as a source of ethnographic information? (A) They can be a source of information about how people in a culture view the world. (B) They are most useful as a source of linguistic information. (C) They require editing and interpretation before they can be useful. (D) They are most useful as a source of information about ancestry. (E) They provide incidental information rather than significant insights into a way of life.
答案:DCAECBCA |
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