三个旧题新问题，+一个whether的新考点找不到例句求举例

crack25

今天看到了一个这个用法，search了n久，也没有看见具体例子，谁能给我举个例子。谢谢

1.
whether or not的使用：(见the handbook of good english)
1) 在引导宾从的时候只能够用whether，而不能加or not，否则累赘
2) 在引导状从的时候必须加上or not，即whether or not.   就是这个，不明白，需要例子。。求例句
3.
whether表示列举时候的用法：Whether A, B, or C.
恩，还有一个问题
After several years of rapid growth, the health care company became one of the largest health care providers in the metropolitan area, while it then proved unable to handle the increase in business, falling months behind in its payment to doctors and hospitals.
A.
while it then proved unable to handle the increase in business, falling months behind in its payment to
B.
while it then proved unable to handle the increase in business and fell months behind in its payment to
C.
but then it proved unable to handle the increase in business, falling months behind in its paying
D.
but then proving unable to handle the increase in business, falling months behind in paying
(E)
E.
but then proved unable to handle the increase in business, falling months behind in paying
当时选错是直接考虑了赵丽语法说的，有名词形式的单词优选于动词化的名词，所以直接排除了CDE,现在想问关于这个解释，-----its payment没有问题，只是没有in paying to简洁，这个难道说明赵丽的不对？还是别的问题我没想到？


A study by the Ocean Wildlife Campaign urged states to undertake a number of remedies to reverse a decline in the shark population,( which includes the establishment of size limits for shark catches, closing) state waters for shark fishing during pupping season, and requiring commercial fishers to have federal shark permits.
A. which includes the establishment of size limits for shark catches, closing
B. which includes establishing limits to the size of sharks that can be caught, closing
C. which include the establishment of size limits for shark catches, the closing of
D. including establishing size limits for shark catches, closing            
E. including the establishing of limits to the size of sharks that are caught, the closing of
针对这题,思路等没问题,但是看到语法笔记上说including修饰remedies，including是介词，其跳跃能力比which强,所以想知道这个点可以推广到其他介词同including类吗?还是只限于这个题目的including...

173.The widely accepted big-bang theory holds that the universe began in an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion years ago and has been expanding ever since.
A.
that the universe began in an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion years ago and has been expanding
B.
that the universe had begun in an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion years ago and had been expanding
C.
that the beginning of the universe was an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion years ago that has expanded
D.
the beginning of the universe to have been an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion years ago that is expanding
(A)
E.
the universe to have begun in an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion years ago and has been expanding
这个想问关于人们老说的主系表问题
搜了半天出来的，定义  主系表结构中表语是对主语的描述、说明，因此要搭配合理
可以，但是，我的问题是
A．
the beginning of the universe was an instant主语和表语搭配错误；是仅仅因为意思上一个是开始ing，一个是名词，表示一个完结的，所以不对等？was应该改为is这个到底为什么？

crack25

here is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as there were four years ago(主语比较)

There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American  four time as many as  DVD player(宾语比较)

There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as for school teachers.(介宾比较)

There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as  in china(介宾比较)



我觉得这个是不是有问题

here is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as there were four years ago(主语比较)我觉得这个也不对，所以我就是觉得这个主语比较争取的话，下面这个DVD player(宾语比较)句肯定不对了，怎么说



DVD player(宾语比较)，明明是和PC比较，怎么可能是宾语，这真的是一个倒装


还有这个,呼唤各路英雄，求助

lonelyorchid

Whether引导条件状语的例句（朗文高级）：Whether or not it rains/Whether it rains or not, we're playing football on Saturday。

没见过whether表列举。。。

名词和动名词的关系，你不要搞得太死，有很多的例外情况。很多情况下名词的词义和动名词是不一样的，还有一些情况是动名词强调动作，名词强调概念，所以也要根据句义。我看一遍直接排除ABC,原因很简单，it没有指代对象。相比起优先级顺序和一击必杀的错误，你怎么能够顾此失彼呢？

关于介词和which，你的结论正确，但是理解有很大偏差。首先，什么时候动名词或者现在分词成了介词了，那干嘛还叫动名词或者分词呢？再说介词怎么能够指代呢？实际的语法是，which是指时代词，引导定语从句，修饰名词；介宾短语，分词短语可以做状语相当于副词，修饰谓语。

主系表那个问题，说实话，我没看明白你想问什么。。。不过，我想说的是，你最好别把表语当作一个句子的结构（当然很多中国人都认为表语是一个独立的句子成分，不过事实上表语是一种特殊的补语，看看薄冰的语法，你可能会弄得明白些）

2# 完全崩溃了，不知道你想说啥。。。

crack25

嗯，谢谢child的精确讲解

但是，关于介词和which的那个很奇怪，既然你说介词修饰了动词，那这个题目原本是想修饰 那个名词的。所以这个地方不晓得，能再说说吗？
关于2#
there is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as there were four years ago(主语比较)

There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American  four time as many as  DVD player(宾语比较)如果上面这个可以的话，那这个就不会是宾语比较吧？

There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as for school teachers.(介宾比较)

There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as  in china(介宾比较)

crack25

[quote]
Whether引导条件状语的例句（朗文高级）：Whether or not it rains/Whether it rains or not, we're playing football on Saturday。

没见过whether表列举。。。

名词和动名词的关系，你不要搞得太死，有很多的例外情况。很多情况下名词的词义和动名词是不一样的，还有一些情况是动名词强调动作，名词强调概念，所以也要根据句义。我看一遍直接排除ABC,原因很简单，it没有指代对象。相比起优先级顺序和一击必杀的错误，你怎么能够顾此失彼呢？

还有就是这个地方，it可以指代前面的主语医院company吧！

crack25

关于介词和which，你的结论正确，但是理解有很大偏差。首先，什么时候动名词或者现在分词成了介词了，那干嘛还叫动名词或者分词呢？再说介词怎么能够指代呢？实际的语法是，which是指时代词，引导定语从句，修饰名词；介宾短语，分词短语可以做状语相当于副词，修饰谓语。

针对这题,思路等没问题,但是看到语法笔记上说including修饰remedies，including是介词，其跳跃能力比which强,所以想知道这个点可以推广到其他介词同including类吗?还是只限于这个题目的including...

好吧，我咋觉得我没明白你的解释对于我的问题，这个有解释的关系吗？不过，还是谢谢你，including本身真的是介词

lonelyorchid

一个一个说，“，which”只能指代逗号前的第一个名词即 population，逻辑错

还是不明白你说的那个什么主语比较宾语比较的东西，没看出来怎么个主语、宾语法。我看到的是，拿人均电脑数跟其他不同的量进行比较（以前的人均电脑数，现在的人均DVD数，老师的平均电脑数，中国的人均电脑数），这跟主、宾有啥关系？你的意思是说：我比你高就是比主语，我比他高就是比宾语？

it指company逻辑通么？如果it代company，那proved只能做谓语（否则没谓语），但是做谓语，主被动关系又错，所以只有一种解释，it不能代company。

如果你一定要说including做介词，我只能说你没有彻底明白英语语法的内在逻辑。不过不得不承认，在字典里，including确实列为介词，但是那是因为为了能够使得语法更为完整（将所有的可能性概括在有限的几条规则里）而作出的相对牵强的解释，就像现在分词可以做形容词“You have two shining eyes.”,于是shining就变成形容词了。。。其实内在的逻辑不是这样，不然，英文上万动词，就有上万分词，这些词性怎能都记下来呢。。。
当然例外也存在，比如“provided”，可以做介词后接宾语从句或者做连词后直接接条件从句（其实严格的说，这都不能算作例外，因为同样是可以用分词的用法来解释）。所以如果不能掌握分词的用法，那就只有死记了（尤其对于应试。。。）

阿盖

After several years of rapid growth, the health care company became one of the largest health care providers in the metropolitan area, while it then proved unable to handle the increase in business, falling months behind in its payment to doctors and hospitals.
A.
while it then proved unable to handle the increase in business, falling months behind in its payment to
B.
while it then proved unable to handle the increase in business and fell months behind in its payment to
C.
but then it proved unable to handle the increase in business, falling months behind in its paying
D.
but then proving unable to handle the increase in business, falling months behind in paying
(E)
E.
but then proved unable to handle the increase in business, falling months behind in paying
当时选错是直接考虑了赵丽语法说的，有名词形式的单词优选于动词化的名词，所以直接排除了CDE,现在想问关于这个解释，-----its payment没有问题，只是没有in paying to简洁，这个难道说明赵丽的不对？还是别的问题我没想到？

个人认为可以从句意来看这个问题，OG说的 while, although and even though introduce clauses that appear to be logically incompatible but in fact are. 我第一个就排除了AB因为句意表达illogical. D is fragment. 但是c 和E 为什么选e, 我就困惑了。是不是因为e比较简洁阿？谁来解释一下？

lonelyorchid

说过了呀 #6 ，你咋不看前面的回答呢。。。

"it指company逻辑通么？如果it代company，那proved只能做谓语（否则没谓语），但是做谓语，主被动关系又错，所以只有一种解释，it不能代company。
"

crack25

okay, great,虽然还是有一些想问的那就是关于including,这个地方，如果是你怎-来理解和运用笔记上说这个地方的情况，具体一些，你说了including是动名词，所以呢，这个地方感觉你写的很多，但是如果我要用的话，需要记住/学习哪些，还得麻烦你再说一下这个。谢谢

PS:因为不是好多题目都有which跳跃修饰这个，所以感觉很困惑，为-在这里就不能用跳跃，如果是考虑这个题目思路顺序的话，