1.逻辑主语。
位于句首的doing或done的动作发出者或承受着即为逻辑主语，逻辑主语等于主句主语。
这是做语法题时第一个需要重视的考点，第一遍先浏览题目，就能发现考点，最关键的是句子的逻辑意思，选项会在句首放置不同的名词或者是代词，把逻辑意思搞懂才能知道谁才应该是句首doing或者done的动作发出者。（若句首的doing或者done是没有划线的，后面划线部分主语必须用一个明确的名词才行。这种情况下，主句主语用代词it或者they必定错，因为指代不明。）,当然考试的时候，会将多个考点融合，比如平行结构，单复数等等。
Having finally reached a tentative labor agreement with its company's pilots, it must now be determined by the airline's board of directors how the airline can both increase profits and compete more effectively for customers than they did in the past.
(A) it must now be determined by the airline's board of directors how the airline can both increase profits and compete more effectively for customers than they did in the past
(B) it must now be determined by the airline's board of directors how the airline can both increase profits and must compete more effectively than in the past for customers
(C) the airline's board of directors must now determine both how to make the airline increase profits and compete more effectively for customers than they did in the past
(D) the airline's board of directors must now determine how the airline can both increase profits and compete more effectively for customers than it did in the past
(E) the airline's board of directors must now determine how the airline can both increase profits and also how to make it compete more effectively than in the past for customers
逻辑主语判断完之后，紧接着就要注意单复数的情况，在大多数情况下，GMAT语法都是通过名词后面加不加S判断单复数，当然也有例外。这些看起来简单，但经常在做题的时候忽略掉，一定要养成下意识地去往后看单复数是否符合，这样可以提高效率。
（1）比较难的单复数是倒装句，因为此时主语在后面，如果不能理解句子逻辑意思，看清句子结构就会出错。一定要有发现倒装的能力。诀窍：在谓语前面找不到主语（介宾短语，形容词，副词永远不做主语，among谓语句首一般是倒装）。
例2：旧prep1-139
On Earth, among the surest indications of sunspot cycles are believed to be the rate that trees grow, as seen in the rings visible in the cross sections of their trunks.
(A) On Earth, among the surest indications of sunspot cyclesare believed to be the rate that trees grow
(B) On Earth, among the surest indications of sunspot cyclesare, it is believed, the rate of tree growth
(C) On Earth, the rate at which trees grow is believed to be among the surest indications of sunspot cycles
(D) Among the surest indications on Earth of sunspot cycles, believed to be the tree growth rate
(E) Among the surest indications on Earth of sunspot cycles is believed to be the rate at which trees grow
先声明，我这里的平行结构范围较窄，不是大家通常所说的广义平行结构。而且只列举一些常考的平行，有些考得比较少的就靠大家自己平时积累了。
平行不一定是形式的完全对等，其本质是语法功能的平行，在此前提下尽量追求形式上的平行。
当名词与第一类动名词（doing of sth）的时候，在意思一样的情况下，选名词。
And常考的考点不是名词间的平行，而是句子与名词，句子与介词，句子与形容词的千奇百怪的错误，此时看到and一定要敏感，往前寻找平行是否错误。
另一种常考的考点是，句子与句子之间用and连接，此时and前面一定要加逗号，这种错误被称为run-on错误。这里我以前经常错，因为没加逗号感觉读起来也很顺~，大家要小心！
此外，两个句子之间如果没有连词如but或and作为连接，必错。要注意。
Taste buds are onion-shaped structures with between 50 and 100 taste cells, each of them has fingerlike projections poking through the opening located at the top of the taste bud called the taste pore.
(A) them has fingerlike projections poking through the opening located at the top of the taste bud called the taste pore
(B) them that have fingerlike projections that poke through an opening located at the top of the taste bud, which they call the taste pore
(C) which has fingerlike projections poking through the opening, called the taste pore, located at the top of the taste bud
(D) which having fingerlike projections that poke through an opening, which is called the taste pore, located at the top of the taste bud
(E) whichhave fingerlike projections that are poking through an opening located at the top of the taste bud called the taste pore
例4：新prep2-176.(26076-!-item-!-188;#058&001714)(GWD17-Q12)
Mauritius was a British colony for almost 200 years, excepting for the domains of administration and teaching, the English language was never really spoken on the island.
A. excepting for
B. except in
C. but except in
D. but excepting for
E. with the exception of
While Hans Holbein the Younger is most often identified with his English portraits, scholars have long been recognizing him as a superb draftsman and a remarkably versatile artist and who was fundamental in synthesizing the novelties of the Italian Renaissance with the rational tradition of Northern Europe.
(A) been recognizing him as a superb draftsman and a remarkably versatile artist and who
(B) been recognizing him for being a superb draftsman and a remarkably versatile artist and he
(C) recognized him as a superb draftsman and a remarkably versatile artist who
(D) recognized him as a superb draftsman and a remarkably versatile artist and he
(E) recognized him for being a superb draftsman and a remarkably versatile artist and who
（2）习惯性用语的平行，如not only…，but also…， both… and…， not… but…，比较结构的平行（我后面会讲）。
这几种情况下都是绝对的平行，而且gmat翻来覆去考这几组平行。而且不能是not only，but+n+also这样的结构。常见的错误是动词和名词平行，动词和介词平行，名词和介词平行等等千奇八怪的。
The commission’s office of compliance, inspections, and investigations plans to intensify its scrutiny of stock analysts to investigate not only whether research is an independent function at brokerage firms, but also whether conflicts result when analysts own the stocks they write about or when they are paid for their work by a firm’s investment banking division.
A. to investigate not only whether research is an independent function at brokerage firms, but also whether conflicts result when analysts own the stocks they write about or when they are
B. to investigate not only whether research is an independent function at brokerage firms, but also if conflicts result when analysts own the stocks they write about or they are
C. to not only investigate whether or not research is an independent function at brokerage firms, but also if conflicts result when analysts own the stocks they write about or are
D. not only to investigate whether or not research is an independent function at brokerage firms, but also whether conflicts result when analysts own the stocks they write about or are
E. not only to investigate whether research is an independent function at brokerage firms, but also whether conflicts result when analysts own the stocks they write about or when
例7：旧prep2-10
The rise of the Incan empire rested not only on the Incas' military might and the ability of their rulers but also they imposed a highly organized economic and political system on many different ethnic groups and permitting them to retain many of their customs and often their own leaders.
(A) they imposed a highly organized economic and political system on many different ethnic groups and permitting them
(B) on their imposition of a highly organized economic and political system on many different ethnic groups, who were permitted
(C) because of their imposition of a highly organized economic and political system on many different ethnic groups, who they permitted
(D) on their imposing of a highly organized economic and political system on many different ethnic groups and they permitted them
(E) imposing a highly organized economic and political system on many different ethnic groups, permitting them
（3）although句型中从句主语与主句主语单复数平行，比如although A do…，it/they do…此时的it或者they必须跟A的单复数完全一致。例外的情况，当主句与从句主语都用明确的代词进行指代的时候这个规则就不适用了。（好像when也适用这个规则）
Although the vast constellation of small islands that dot the South Pacific has a population of only a few million people, it is home to about a sixth of the world's 6,000 or so languages.
(A) Pacific has a population of only a few million people, it is
(B) Pacific has a population of only a few million people, they are
(C) Pacific is populated by a only a few million people, and it is
(D) Pacific, having a population of only a few million people, is nonetheless
(E) Pacific, populated by only a few million people, yet they are
Although she had been known as an effective legislator first in the Texas Senate and later in the United States House of Representatives, not until Barbara Jordan’s participation in the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon in 1974 was she made a nationally recognized figure, as it was televised nationwide.
A. later in the United States House of Representatives, not until Barbara Jordan’s participation in the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon in 1974 was she made a nationally recognized figure, as it was
B. later in the United States House of Representatives, Barbara Jordan did not become a nationally recognized figure until 1974, when she participated in the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon, which were
C. later in the United States House of Representatives, it was not until 1974 that Barbara Jordan became a nationally recognized figure, with her participation in the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon, which was
D. then also later in the United States House of Representatives, not until 1974 did Barbara Jordan become a nationally recognized figure, as she participated in the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon, being
E. then also later in the United States House of Representatives, Barbara Jordan did not become a nationally recognized figure until 1974, when she participated in the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon, which was
此外要注意的是，平行并不只有上面这几种，凡是出现平行连接词（主要是and），就应该平行的，就要多一个心眼，去看看平行对象前后是否对等，doing and doing； to do and (to) do; be doing and be doing ；定语从句的平行等等，考试恶心的是经常是两个平行对象中间加介词，形容词，名词，插入语等等容易使人晕，此时一定要有平行的意识。
4．比较结构
Like，unlike后面逻辑主语要平行大家都比较熟悉，要注意经常有一些精神错乱搭配，什么more…as, as…than, more…rather than，在这里我只讲另外几个难点。
只有当比较对象为主语的时候才涉及助动词的补出问题。
句子的逻辑意思是最为关键的，只有读懂句子才知道要比较的对象是主语还是宾语，句子都没读懂肯定做不对题。
Tom eats more apple than Jerry does
Tom eats more apple than papaya
Tom eats more apple than Jerry does，不能补is，was，had等等
（2）当后句用that或者those实现了指代清楚，那样会更好。
During the same period in which the Maya were developing a hieroglyphic system of writing, the Aztec people also developed a written language, but it was not as highly sophisticated as that of the Maya and was more pictographic in nature.
(A) but it was not as highly sophisticated as that of the Maya and was
(B) but it was not as highly sophisticated as the Maya, being
(C) but, not as highly sophisticated as the Maya's, was
(D) not as highly sophisticated as that of the Maya, however, being
(E) not as highly sophisticated as the Maya's however, it was
A group of paleontologists recently announced that a site in Utah has yielded fossils of some of the biggest armored dinosaurs ever found, and that they were at least 25 million years older than any similar dinosaur type previously found in North America.
(A) and that they were at least 25 million years older than any similar dinosaur type previously
(B) and they are at least 25 million years older than those of any similar dinosaur type that previously was
(C) and the fossils are at least 25 million years older than any similar dinosaur types that previously were
(D) fossils that are at least 25 million years older than those of any similar dinosaur type previously
(E) fossils at least 25 million years older than similar dinosaur types previously
但是这里注意用that和those有个前提，就是此时that和those指代的是主语，这样才能成为主语之间的比较，如果根据句意指代的是宾语，那就不行，虽然that和those出现后正确率很高，但也不要看见他们就选，要读懂句子的逻辑意思。
There is a widespread belief in the United States and Western Europe that young people have a smaller commitment to work and a career than their parents and grandparents and that the source of the change lies in the collapse of the "work ethic."
(A) a smaller commitment to work and a career than their parents and grandparents
(B) less of a commitment to work and a career than their parents and grandparents
(C) a smaller commitment to work and a career than that of their parents and grandparents
(D) less of a commitment to work and a career than their parents and grandparents had
(E) a lessening of the commitment to work and a career that their parents and grandparents had
此外，补充一点，that和those的的使用非常广泛，因为他们不像it和they是特指前面的某个名词，会受到很大限制，that和those是泛指前面的名词，使用起来方便，不仅只用语严格意义上的as，as或者more than的比较结构。这样的话，就需要从句意来判断指代对象，这样的话，就需要和其他考点如逻辑主语等等结合起来看。
Mideast immigrants' rates of entrepreneurship exceed virtually every other immigrant group in the increasingly diverse United States economy.
(A) Mideast immigrants' rates of entrepreneurship exceed
(B) Mideast immigrants are exhibiting rates of entrepreneurship exceeding
(C) Immigrants from the Mideast exhibit rates of entrepreneurship exceeding those of
(D) The rates of entrepreneurship in immigrants from the Mideast exceed
(E) The rates of Mideast immigrants' entrepreneurship exceeds those of
例14新prep2-157
The striking differences between the semantic organization of Native American languages and that of European languages, in both grammar and vocabulary, have led scholars to think about the degree to which differences in language may be correlated with nonlinguistic differences.
A. that of European languages, in both grammar and vocabulary, have
B. that of European languages, including grammar and vocabulary, has
C. those of European languages, which include grammar and vocabulary, have
D. those of European languages, in grammar as well as vocabulary, has
E. those of European languages, both in grammar and vocabulary, has
例15：旧prep2-7
So-called green taxes, which exact a price for the use of polluting or nonrenewable fuels, are having a positive effect on the environment and natural resource base of countries as varied as China, the Netherlands, and Hungary.
(C) as varied as those of
(D) that are as varied as
(E) that are varied as are
（3）表示一个东西是另一个东西的几倍，有三种表达方法，除了一般的as，as和more than之外，另一种还可：
Tom is twice the age of Jerry
Tome is twice that of jerry
这样的考法也很常见，而且简洁，考试要注意。
例16：新prep1-238
A new hair-growth drug is being sold for three times the price, per milligram, as the drug's maker charges for another product with the same active ingredient.
A. as
B. than
C. that
D. of what
E. at which
（4）case的用法。表比较的时候，as be the case是习惯用法，这是as the case be的倒装。此时的常见错误时as in/with the case，这个时候as it is也要小心，这个句型本身没错，但是as it is使用条件比较苛刻，it指代主句当中的主语，后面的主句谓语动词也要用is，要完全一致才行，很多时候都做不到。
例17：旧prep2-39
As it is with traditional pharmacies, on-line drugstores rely on prescriptions to be successful, since it is primarily prescriptions that attract the customers, who then also buy other health-related items.
(A) As it is with traditional pharmacies, on-line drugstores rely on prescriptions to be successful
(B) As with the case of traditional pharmacies, on-line drugstores rely on prescriptions to have success
(C) As is the case with traditional pharmacies, prescriptions are the cornerstone of a successful on-line drugstore
(D) As traditional pharmacies, so on-line drugstores rely on prescriptions to be successful
(E) Like traditional pharmacies, the cornerstone of a successful on-line drugstore is prescriptions
(5)比较对象的对等
由于在汉语意思中比较对象不对等也不会错，而且写作的时候经常都不注意对等原则，所以经常会出错。
例18：旧prep2-53
Britain's economic growth was slower in the mid-1970's and its decline much more rapid in the subsequent recession than the United States.
(A) Britain's economic growth was slower in the mid-1970's and its decline much more rapid in the subsequent recession than the United States.
(B) The economic growth of Britain was slower in the mid-1970's and it declined much more rapidly in the subsequent recession than the United States did.
(C) Britain's economy, which grew more slowly in the mid-1970's, also had declined much more rapidly in the subsequent recession than the United States did.
(D) The economy of Britain grew more slowly in the mid-1970's and declined much more rapidly in the subsequent recession than did the economy of the United States.
(E) Britain's economy grew more slowly in the mid-1970's and its decline was much more rapid during the subsequent recession than the economy of the United States.
Exceeding even the figures predicted by the most optimistic financial analysts, the automobile company had earnings in the first quarter that more than doubled the previous quarter.
(A) company had earnings in the first quarter that more than doubled
(B) company earned more than double in the first quarter what they were in
(C) company had first quarter earnings that more than doubled those in
(D) company's earnings in the first quarter were more than double
(E) company's earnings in the first quarter were more than double those of
5．代词指代
代词是GMAT的一个重要考点，经常会出现代词指代不清的错误，特别是代词前有多个名词的时候，此时主语的代词能够清晰指代，但是宾语的代词就只能根据句意来判断了。
（1）it，which，this，they，that都是指代名词，不能只带前面的动作
（2）做主语的代词优先指代主语！！！！！！！！！这个原则非常NB，有它做题能省一半力气。
我做过的所有题当中，只有旧prep-1的第一题跟这个原则不相符，其他都符合。考试凡是见到it或者they出现在主语的位置上，一定要敏感，立刻往前找，看能不能对应得上！！！！！！
例20：旧prep2-65
A group of paleontologists recently announced that a site in Utah has yielded fossils of some of the biggest armored dinosaurs ever found, and they are at least 25 million years older than those of any similar dinosaur type that previously was found in North America.
(A) and they are at least 25 million years older than those of any similar dinosaur type that previously was
(B) and that they were at least 25 million years older than any similar dinosaur type previously
(C) and the fossils are at least 25 million years older than any similar dinosaur types that previously were
(D) fossils that are at least 25 million years older than those of any similar dinosaur type previously
(E) fossils at least 25 million years older than similar dinosaur types that were previously
In hoping to restrain economic growth, interest rates were raised by British policymakers, making it more expensive to borrow for businesses and consumers.
(A) In hoping to restrain economic growth,interest rates were raised by British policymakers, making it more expensive to borrow for businesses and consumers.
(B) Making it more expensive for businesses and consumers to borrow,interest rateswere raised by British policymakers, in hopes of their restraining economic growth.
(C) In making borrowing for businesses and consumers more expensive, British policymakers, in hopes they will restrain economic growth, had raisedinterest rates.
(D) Hopefully restraining economic growth, British policymakers raised interest rates,making more expensive borrowing by businesses and consumers.
(E) Hoping to restrain economic growth, British policymakers raised interest rates, making it more expensive for businesses and consumers to borrow.
The army cutworm moth is a critical source of fat for as many as a third of Yellowstone National Park's grizzly bears; they overturn rocks to find them, as many as 40,000 per bear in a single day.
(A) bears; they overturn rocks to find them, as many as
(B) bears; overturning rocks to find the insects, up to
(C) bears, overturning rocks to findthem, as many as
(D) bears, and they overturn rocks to find them, up to
(E) bears, which overturn rocks to find the insects, as many as
6.句末的同位语，doing和which
这种情况下，which直接排除掉，因为which不能指代前句，只能做非限制性定语从句，同位语在句末表解释说明，doing是做结果状语，而在同位语和doing同时出现时，一般是优先选同位语，指代更清晰，doing做结果状语容易改变句子重心，而这是GMAT常见错误。但并不是说doing做结果状语就对不了，如果此时同位语的名词和修饰的主句名词是不同类的东西的话，就不行。
例23：新prep-2-186
The greatest road system built in the Americas prior to the arrival of Christopher Columbus was the Incan highway, which, over 2,500 miles long and extending from northern Ecuador through Peru to southern Chile.
A. Columbus was the Incan highway, which, over 2,500 miles long and extending
B. Columbus was the Incan highway, over 2,500 miles in length, and extended
C. Columbus, the Incan highway, which was over 2,500 miles in length and extended
D. Columbus, the Incan highway, being over 2,500 miles in length, was extended
E. Columbus, the Incan highway was over 2,500 miles long, extending
例24：新prep2-197
Soaring television costs accounted for more than half the spending in the presidential campaign of 1992, a greater proportion than it was in any previous election.
A. a greater proportion than it was
B. a greater proportion than
C. a greater proportion thanthey have been
D. which is greater than was so
E. which is greater than it has been
例25：新prep1-206
While studying the genetic makeup of corn, a new class of mutant genes was discovered by Barbara McClintock, a discovery which led to greater understanding of cell differentiation.
A. a new class of mutant genes was discovered by Barbara McClintock, a discovery which led
B. a new class of mutant genes in corn were discovered by Barbara McClintock, leading
C. Barbara McClintock discovered a new class of mutant genes, and it led
D. Barbara McClintock discovered a new class of mutant genes, a discovery that led
E. Barbara McClintock, who discovered a new class of mutant genes, leading
例26：旧prep1-150
The computer company has announced that it will purchase the color-printing division of a rival company for $950 million, which is part of a deal that will make it the largest manufacturer in the office color-printing market.
(A) million, which is part of a deal that will make
(B) million, a part of a deal that makes
(C) million, part of a deal making
(D) million as a part of a deal to make
(E) million as part of a deal that will make
7．句子重心
GMAT里面最忌讳的一个错误之一就是句子重心改变，也可以理解为改变原意，比如原意是因果关系改成了结果状语，原意是平行改成转折，常用伎俩是将正确答案中的第二个句子改为分词结构。要靠做题积累
例27：新prep2-163
Because there are provisions of the new maritime code that provide that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, they have already stimulated international disputes over uninhabited islands.
A. Because there are provisions of the new maritime code that provide that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, they have already stimulated
B. Because the new maritime code provides that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, it has already stimulated
C. Even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas under provisions of the new maritime code, already stimulating
D. Because even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas under provisions of the new maritime code, this has already stimulated
E. Because even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas under provisions of the new maritime code, which is already stimulating
例1：D
例2：E
例3：C
例4：C
例5：C
例6：A
例7：B
例8：A
例9：B
例10：A
例11：D
例12：D
例13：C
例14：A
例15：A
例16：C
例17：C
例18：D
例19：E
例20：D
例21：E
例22：E
例23：E
例24：B
例25：D
例26：E
例27：B
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发表于 2011-5-3 13:27:14
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