读BY的问题——关于that，which，分词做定语。就近指代原则

yanziyi

读BY发现了一个问题——关于that，which，分词做定语。就近指代原则在他们三者身上貌似是不同的。
具体如下：

一、which引导非限制性定语从句
主句SVO，关系代词————这个关系代词一定紧挨指代其前面的宾语O。
Visitors to the park have often looked up into the leafy canopy and seen moneys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and legs have hung like socks on a clothesline.


BY解析：错误在于，非限制性定语从句与其逻辑修饰对象monkeys被隔离，只能就近修饰branches。不合逻辑


二、句末分词
分词可以跳过介词短语修饰
In terms of physics, the characteristic feature of the roller coaster is that the potential energy of the cars, gained as a chain drive lifts them through the earth’s gravity to the top of the first drop, has been converted to kinetic energy by the time the ride ends.


BY解析：-ed分词gained跳过介词短语of the cars修饰potential energy


此处的gained不是就近指代，前面的cars了。         是只有分词有这种用法吗？，which的话是不是就从前指代cars了呢？




三、That限制性定语从句
BY P50上面说
That限制性定语从句名词1 of 名词2+ that + verb
先用逻辑关系判断出that引导的定语从句修饰名词1还是名词2，再根据名词1或名词2来判定动词的单复数形式


？？？that引导的限制性定语从句难道和，which引导的非限制性定语从句不同，不是就近指代吗？？？



————————————————————————以上就是关于这三个区别的问题。
求NN~ O(∩_∩)O谢谢

powers

gained as a chain drive lifts them through the earth’s gravity to the top of the first drop

这个是插入语修饰逗号前面的核心名词的

yanziyi

哦~ 发现这个问题SO 复杂
贴一个搜到的整理帖

which指代的三种情况：
1、紧邻修饰
一般情况下，“名词，which”中的which是就近修饰紧邻的名词的。这种例子多的不胜枚举。
一般例子就不用举了，只举个比较特别例子“A of B, which”（注：这里的of表示从属关系）
1，The commission proposed that funding for development of the park, which could be open to the public early next year, be obtained through a local bond issue.

2,Construction of the Roman Colosseum, which was officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, began in A.D.69, during the reign of Vespasian, and was completed the Colosseum with a one-hundred-day cycle of religious pageants, gladitorial games, and spectacles.

Flavian Amphitheatre：福雷维安圆形剧场

3，In laboratory rats, a low dose of aspirin usually suffices to block production of thromboxane, a substance that promotes blood clotting, but does not seriously interfere with the production of prostacyclin, which prevents clotting.
thromboxane [生化]凝血噁烷，凝栓质，血栓素。阿斯匹林可以阻止血小板生成凝血恶烷

prostacyclin n.【生物化学、药物】环前列腺素，前列腺环素,
4，The survival of coral colonies, which are composed of innumerable tiny polyps living in a symbiotic relationship with brilliantly colored algae, is being threatened, experts say, not only by pollutants such as agricultural runoff, oil slicks, and trash, but also by dropped anchors, probing divers, and global warming.,
5，In attempting to solve the problems caused by a lowering of the price of oil, oil companies operating in the North Sea have taken a variety of approaches, which include reducing employment, using new technology to pump oil more efficiently from smaller fields, and finding innovative ways to cut the cost of building and operating platforms.,
这些例子都能说明从属关系“A of B，which”中的which就近修饰紧邻的名词B。但是需要注意的是，在“SVO,which”句型中，如果which指代S一定错误，which如果指代主语，这样使用:s+verb,which
2、跳跃修饰
在前有“核心词+介词、分词等修饰结构”或者插入语的情况下，which跳跃修饰前面的核心词，不能修饰紧邻的名词。
下面是几个例子：
From the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long and two feet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar, which could carry four persons or eight hundred pounds of baggage so light that a person could easily portage it around impeding rapids.

(A)baggage so light

(B) baggage being so light
(C) baggage, yet being so light
(D) baggage, and so light
(E) baggage yet was so light

答案：E
这句话的which离其所应该修饰的核心词canoe很远，中间隔了一个插入语，还隔了个介词结构about…，但只要知道核心词是canoe就能一目了然找到which应该指的是什么。这里不能修饰紧邻的名词cedar。

Unlike most other mergers in the utility industry, which have been driven by the need to save money and extend companies’ service areas, the merger of the nation’s leading gas company and leading electric company is intended to create a huge network for marketing the utilities in question as states open their utility markets to competition.
这句话的which不能修饰其紧邻的名词utility industry，必须跳过介词结构in…，修饰核心词merger。
In order to protect English manufacturers of woolen goods against both American and Irish competition, England

passed the Woolens Act of 1698, which prohibited the export of woolen cloth beyond a colony's borders.
这里的which不能修饰紧邻的1698，必须跳过介词结构of 1968修饰前面的核心词act。

有人这里会说这不是A of B，which吗？which应该紧邻修饰啊？其实不然，因为of 1968和前面的那些A of B实际上用法不一样，这里是表示时间而不是“从属关系”。这个时间应该归在介词结构一类，所以要跳过。
OG12SC107
Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it, is finding uses in medicine, archaeology, and criminology.
(A) Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it,
(B) Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, having the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission
(C) A technique originally developed for detecting air pollutants, called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it,
(D) A technique originally developed for detecting air pollutants, called proton-induced X-ray emission, which has the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance quickly and without destroying it,
(E) A technique that was originally developed for detecting air pollutants and has the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance quickly and without destroying the substance, called proton- induced X-ray emission,
答案（A）

答案中which发生跳跃指代，而且emission不处于介词短语中，这句话的which不能修饰其紧邻的名词emission，必须跳过分词修饰结构called …，修饰核心词technique。

注意这不是 SVO,which指代S了而是called proton-induced X-ray emission分词形式做后置修饰定语。

GWD-10-Q2: GWD-11-10
Marconi’s conception of the radio was as a substitute for the telephone, a tool for private conversation; instead, it is precisely the opposite, a tool for communicating with a large, public audience.
A,Marconi’s conception of the radio was as a substitute for the telephone, a tool for private conversation; instead, it is
B,Marconi conceived of the radio as a substitute for the telephone, a tool for private conversation, but which is
C,Marconi conceived of the radio as a tool for private conversation that could substitute for the telephone; instead, it has become
D,Marconi conceived of the radio to be a tool for private conversation, a substitute for the telephone, which has become
E,Marconi conceived of the radio to be a substitute for the telephone, a tool for private conversation, other than what it is,
答案为C。 B为啥不好？

因为选B会有which修饰telephone的错误，which应该修饰radio的。虽然which可以跳跃，但是逻辑上都可以完成从句动作的时候，应该是就近优先的，即使逻辑上完成不了从句的动作，跳跃也难保不会被判错，所以尽可能不跳跃修饰。GMAT题干中曾经用到可以跳跃的which，which跳跃是可以接受的，但是正确选项中很少出现过which跳跃修饰的情况，几乎都被其他结构替代了，这说明如果有可以替代的正确选项，那么尽量不要选跳跃修饰的which，因为可能有歧义。
C可以避免歧义，it一般不指代介词短语中的名词，优先指代主语，如果主语是人或者复数不能指代，则指代宾语，我不知道这题的radio还算不算宾语，但是至少你读出这个句子的时候，它确实相当于一个宾语，至少算一个核心词。
目前只见过A of B/A in B，which可以指代A，主要都发生在介词短语中。A选项可以我理解是因为CALLED从句表达的只是tech的另一个名字而已，本质上是同一东西，指代谁逻辑上都没有歧义。目前我找到的which强悍地跳跃，无视前面的名词的非常少，而且基本都不出现在选项中，都是未画线部分。但是，可以跳跃不是意味着必定跳跃，当which前面有很多个名词的时候，不是只要有一个正确，which就会自动地正确地指代到那个词的。相反，GMAT会优先判断这是修饰混乱。所以，最好不要有跳跃指代，如果非跳不可，最好是使用单复数区分which的指代词。
归纳一下，会发现which之所以要跳过介词结构是因为：其原本应该紧邻所修饰的核心名词，但是因为which的内容太长，而介词、分词等修饰结构又很短，所以把which结构后置了。

clairezhao2010

顶！！！！！

clairezhao2010

顶！！！

mongmong

这个太好了

Jackzhch

up!

jameshzd

up ！

gsq8671

好

小花呱

说的真好。！nn！