由一道ZT想到的

JerryGuan

首先特别敬佩marie的求学精神，也感谢带给我们新知识，我赞同你的黑体字和蓝字和红字部分。

以下是我的意见，也不知道该讨论谁的观点了，太多人发言了。

1）有些概念不可以对等，如or nor不等于and，大全712  C. vast amount of ... nor numbers of ...用法有误，所以不能因此而推论and 如何。

2）“要修饰语就同修饰，要冠词同冠（偶暂保留意见）” + “of 的并列”联合应用，发现有些歧义是不存在的，问题出在了另外的地方。

Corporations have found a resonably quick resolution of disputes, confidentiality, and dramatically reduced costs are the advantages of settling differences privately by using mediators rather than the courts.

(A)a resonably quick resolution of disputes, confidentiality, and dramatically reduced costs
(B)that dramatic reduction of costs, confidentiality, and resonably quick resolution of disputes
(C)that dramatically reduced costs, confidentiality, and resonably quick resolution of disputes
(D)that confidentiality, dramatically reduced costs, and a resonably quick resolution of disputes
(E)dramatically reduced costs, confidentiality, and a resonably quick resolution of disputes

有人说B有两类歧义：

1) that dramatic reduction of （costs, confidentiality, and resonably quick resolution of disputes）这种歧义是不能成立的：看看：reduction of resonably quick resolution of disputes 多么丑陋的结构；resonably quick 应该是和dramatic并列的，虽然，要修饰语就同修饰，至于confidentiality前为什么不用形容词修饰，用marie的材料证明这是错误的，也不影响这两者的并列。

2) that dramatic reduction of (costs, confidentiality, and resonably quick resolution )of disputes这种歧义不可能成立，这种句式也成立，我就得跳楼了。

以上两个歧义是不会有的。

#########

还有人说有C有歧义：(C)that dramatically reduced costs, confidentiality, and resonably quick resolution of disputes

reduced 修了后两个词。这显然是不成立的，如果要修，应该是中间加and. 这里也存在：要修饰语就同修饰的问题，confidentiality前为什么不用形容词修饰，用marie的材料证明这是错误的。

##########

D不可能有歧义，但D中的冠词让人烦恼，用marie的材料证明这是错误的！

*****

结论：我晕，如果按marie的材料，没有答案可选！所以“要修饰语就同修饰/要冠词同冠（偶暂保留意见）”是不是要再求证一下。

我在想，此题是不是在考：修饰语的并列，如B中dramatic和resonably quick并列，C中dramatically reduced 和resonably quick，D同C。从这一视角B倒是不对了。那么D中的冠词到底有没有问题呢？

[此贴子已经被作者于2004-5-29 12:38:33编辑过]

renprince

上面zt选择b比较好的吧，根据中心词原则

请marie确认一下答案谢谢

jnlvo

找了个句子，可以参考一下。

arbitration allows parties to realize important benefits such as reduced costs, enhanced confidentiality and speedier resolution of complex disputes.

好像这题有人给出的答案是D，不过不知道这个答案从何而来?

我认为D似乎是最不会产生歧义的，不过这里的a还是有点不舒服。

C要是如上句那样加个形容词在confidentiality前，可能就可接受了。

B中reduction of costs, confidentiality, and 名词1 of 名词2，我也查到过，不过查到的这些句子都不是从ETS的资料中所得，所以可信度不一定高。

再讨论！谢谢mariezhu的帖子，学了不少！

[此贴子已经被作者于2004-5-29 0:05:16编辑过]

renprince

arbitration allows parties to realize important benefits such as reduced costs, enhanced confidentiality and speedier resolution of complex disputes.

请问jnlvo上面的例句子从哪里找来？

因为我选择b的还有一个依据就是the advantages of settling differences privately by using mediators rather than the courts are 成本的下降，中心词是下降。

请考证，，，，，谢谢

mindfree

Good article!

[此贴子已经被作者于2004-5-29 0:31:05编辑过]

juan

128. New hardy varieties of rice show promise of producing high yields without the costly requirements of irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer by earlier high-yielding varieties. E (逻辑意思)

(A) requirements of irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer by earlier high-yielding varieties

(B) requirements by earlier high-yielding varieties of application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation

(C) requirements for application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation of earlier high-yielding varieties

(D) application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation that was required by earlier high-yielding varieties（E）

(E) irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer that were required by earlier high-yielding varieties,

B,D错, 因为application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation 有歧义,会被理解成 A of (B and C),----说明在ETS看来,of  和 and  是平级的,没有谁优于谁的原则,否则这里就不会有歧义了. 也就是说如果ETS 觉得 and> of的话,那么这里肯定就该理解成 (application of commercial fertilizer) and (irrigation) 而不会有歧义了.

那么为什么改成irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer就不歧义了.难道就不可能被理解成(irrigation and application )of commercial fertilizer? 我理解不会歧义的原因还是因为逻辑意思。 因为irrigation of commercial fertilizer是illogical 的.

1.       Water and resource management problems will be at the head of the legislature’s list of concerns for the coming session.

(A) Water and resource management problems

(B) Problems of managing water and resources

(C) Problems in the management of water and other resources

(D) Problems of water and other resource management（C）

(E) Resource management problems, including water

这题中ETS又不认为Problems in the management of water and other resources 有歧义了.如果按照上题的解释, application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation有歧义,那么the management of water and other resources是不是也该有歧义呢? gigi说要考虑到有个others….是的…所以我觉得在作题时单凭句子结构得结论比较难…还是要结合具体的逻辑意思来定论….

想了很久,要根据句子结构理清这个of归属问题,我还是觉得难.

Corporations have found a resonably quick resolution of disputes, confidentiality, and dramatically reduced costs are the advantages of settling differences privately by using mediators rather than the courts.

(A)a resonably quick resolution of disputes, confidentiality, and dramatically reduced costs
(B)that dramatic reduction of costs, confidentiality, and resonably quick resolution of disputes
(C)that dramatically reduced costs, confidentiality, and resonably quick resolution of disputes
(D)that confidentiality, dramatically reduced costs, and a resonably quick resolution of disputes
(E)dramatically reduced costs, confidentiality, and a resonably quick resolution of disputes

这题我选B. resolution是可单可复,但我觉得a resolution of disputes不是太好..而且做solution解时,resolution是不可数. 和JerryGuan观点一样,我不觉得B, C可能歧义. 根据reduction, confidentiality, resolution都是虚名词,我选B.

请指教.

LES

看到大家在marie mm的精神感召下，这么热烈地讨论，好开心啊！

偶也是受到了marie mm的感染，一晚上躺在床上睡不着，还在想这到题目，

又有一些新发现，请大家一起讨论。

dashasha

MARIE MM，昨天我就看到了，觉得非常好。

另外，说句真心话，真的觉得你们的讨论不可思议，看着都头大，更别提你们写的人了，花那么多时间考虑和写。不知道有没有人跟我有同样的感觉啊？我是达不到这样的境界了。唉。

LES

首先，大家再来仔细看看C和D 选项：

Corporations have found a resonably quick resolution of disputes, confidentiality, and dramatically reduced costs are the advantages of settling differences privately by using mediators rather than the courts.

(C)that dramatically reduced costs, confidentiality, and resonably quick resolution of disputes
(D)that confidentiality, dramatically reduced costs, and a resonably quick resolution of disputes

大家有没有发现，D不仅仅只是resolutin前面加了一个a, 还把C选项中第1和2并列项交换了位置，为什么呢？差异是考点－gigi语。这点很重要：

大家再来看看其他帖子讨论此歧义时举的几个例子：
1. owning and living in a freestanding house on its own land －选自OG60未划线部分
2. irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer that were required by earlier high-yielding varieties －选自OG128正确选项E。
3. confidentiality, dramatically reduced costs, and a resonably quick resolution of disputes －本题D选项。

如果说2，3各个并列项交换位置会引起歧义，那么1完全可以：
living in and owning a freestanding house on its own land 应该不会引起歧义吧！

那么ETS为什么不这么写呢？大家如果仔细看这三个例子会发现：
他们从左到右都是从最简单的并列项到最复杂的并列项！

偶觉得，这是足以引起偶们注意的地方！

这让我想起倒装句来，我们通常为什么倒装呢？

1. 把想要强调的中心放在前面，
2. 把复杂的，冗长的结构通通放在后面，这一方面可以使句子结构清晰，另一方面可以使修饰对象明确。－偶想这一点也可以用在这里。

marie mm 也在A of B, C and D结构中提到，为避免歧义，把A of B放到最后，也是同样的道理吧！

vincent0330

个人意见从OG128推论)

128. New hardy varieties of rice show promise of producing high yields without the costly requirements of irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer by earlier high-yielding varieties.

(B) requirements by earlier high-yielding varieties of application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation

(D) application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation that was required by earlier high-yielding varieties（E）

(E) irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer that were required by earlier high-yielding varieties.

Choice E, the best answer, clearly and grammatically expresses the idea that two costly procedures, irrigation and the application of... fertilizer, were required by earlier high-yielding varieties of rice.

In B and D, the phrase application of... fertilizer and irrigation is ambiguous in meaning: it cannot be clearly determined whether applying fertilizer and irrigating are a single operation or two distinct operations.

由OG的解释我们可以推断, ETS认为application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation 是有歧义的;首先,

(1) application of commercial (fertilizer and irrigation): 语法上对, 逻辑上错(因为肥料跟灌溉是两码子的事)

(2) (application of commercial fertilizer) and (irrigation): 语法上与逻辑上都对

因此, ETS认为同一句话有两种表述是ambigious的...

回头看看(E), 因为有了that were去判断短语application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation, 所以我们可以知道application和irrgation是并列的, 合乎语法与逻辑

---

至于

Water and resource management problems will be at the head of the legislature’s list of concerns for the coming session.

(A) Water and resource management problems

(B) Problems of managing water and resources

(C) Problems in the management of water and other resources

(D) Problems of water and other resource management（C）

(E) Resource management problems, including water

这题gigi讲的是LZM所讲的"范围差异"问题, 也就是说resource本身就包括water, 所以water和resource不可并列, (A)(C)(E)去掉,

(D)的表述Problems of water and other resource management更是ambigious;

逻辑上的表达Problem of (water and other resource) management, 但语法上可能这样吗?!引用JerryGuan的句子that dramatic reduction of (costs, confidentiality, and resonably quick resolution )of disputes: 答案是否定的...(逻辑对, 但语法错)

另外一种(D)的可能是(Problem of water) and (other resource management), 我想更不可能吧!!逻辑意思上更不可能并列...(语法可能对, 但逻辑错)

---

Corporations have found a resonably quick resolution of disputes, confidentiality, and dramatically reduced costs are the advantages of settling differences privately by using mediators rather than the courts.

(A)a resonably quick resolution of disputes, confidentiality, and dramatically reduced costs
(B)that dramatic reduction of costs, confidentiality, and resonably quick resolution of disputes
(C)that dramatically reduced costs, confidentiality, and resonably quick resolution of disputes
(D)that confidentiality, dramatically reduced costs, and a resonably quick resolution of disputes
(E)dramatically reduced costs, confidentiality, and a resonably quick resolution of disputes

这题首先去掉(A)(E)是没有问题的; (B)改变了中心词: 由cost变成reduction, 意思上有问题;

至于恼人的(C)(D)嘛!!

个人意见: 不可数N of 复数N 比较好, 还是 a + 可数N of 复数N 比较好, 我个人选前者...

所以我选(D)

---

补充对JerryGuan讲的一句:

1) that dramatic reduction of （costs, confidentiality, and resonably quick resolution of disputes）这种歧义是不能成立的：

呵呵........可我看杨鹏难句No.43就有这样丑陋的句子:

Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora.

PS: 也是根据这杨鹏难句来看 Sth of Sth and of sth, 两个of共用一个中心词是比较好的