PREP的203题的疑问和一份困扰已久的小问题

sherwoodrobin

In late 1997, the chambers inside the pyramid of the Pharaoh Menkaure at Giza were closed to visitors for cleaning and repair due to moisture exhaled by tourists, which raised its humidity to such levels so that salt from the stone was crystallizing and fungus was growing on the walls.
A.    due to moisture exhaled by tourists, which raised its humidity to such levels so that salt from the stone was crystallizing
B.    due to moisture that tourists had exhaled, thereby raising its humidity to such levels that salt from the stone would crystallize
C.    because tourists were exhaling moisture, which had raised the humidity within them to levels such that salt from the stone would crystallize
D.    because of moisture that was exhaled by tourists raising the humidity within them to levels so high as to make the salt from the stone crystallize      
E.    because moisture exhaled by tourists had raised the humidity within them to such levels that salt from the stone was crystallizing

答案E里面里面为什么可以用them指代moisture啊？
不解

另外，发觉我有时总是分不清which和it是不是在指代整句话……请问各位大牛有什么辨明的方法吗？

winny0821

them 不是指代的Moisture....吧，你一问我都含糊了，我做这题的时候指代的是chambers。
恩，应该是chambers

which 和it的问题我以前也纠结，刚刚好转，我主要用的是逻辑合理的方法。就近将which 与it前的名词提出来替换代词，如果逻辑不合理，则代词指代整句

我不是牛，但是我有时觉得牛的方法就像“洋枪”的子弹，有时不适合我这种“土炮”

sdcar2010

humidity within moisture would not make any sence.  humidity within champber would.

sherwoodrobin

them 不是指代的Moisture....吧，你一问我都含糊了，我做这题的时候指代的是chambers。
恩，应该是chambers

which 和it的问题我以前也纠结，刚刚好转，我主要用的是逻辑合理的方法。就近将which 与it前的名词提出来替换代词，如果逻辑不合理，则代词指代整句

我不是牛，但是我有时觉得牛的方法就像“洋枪”的子弹，有时不适合我这种“土炮”

-- by 会员 winny0821 (2010/11/18 2:54:24)

额……能具体些吗？有点没看懂的说……

kobe198879

them 不是指代moisture啊， 是chambers

winny0821

them 不是指代的Moisture....吧，你一问我都含糊了，我做这题的时候指代的是chambers。
恩，应该是chambers

which 和it的问题我以前也纠结，刚刚好转，我主要用的是逻辑合理的方法。就近将which 与it前的名词提出来替换代词，如果逻辑不合理，则代词指代整句

我不是牛，但是我有时觉得牛的方法就像“洋枪”的子弹，有时不适合我这种“土炮”

-- by 会员 winny0821 (2010/11/18 2:54:24)

额……能具体些吗？有点没看懂的说……

-- by 会员 sherwoodrobin (2010/11/19 19:48:29)

比如用C说吧
which 前because tourists were exhaling moisture，从后向前找名词，moisture had raised the humidity...逻辑合理,则which指代moisture
再看A
which前moisture exhaled by tourists，从后向前，tourists had raised the humidity...逻辑不合理，再向前找，moisture had raised the humidity...合理，则指代moisture
但我觉得这个向前找的过程有个度的问题，不能太远了，我觉得一般可以是最后的名词，或名词短语中的中心词（请大牛拍砖）


我自己也有个问题：
106. Marconi’s conception of the radio was as a substitute
for the telephone, a tool for private conversation;
instead, it is precisely the opposite, a tool for
communicating with a large, public audience.
(A) Marconi’s conception of the radio was as a
substitute for the telephone, a tool for private
conversation; instead, it is
(B) Marconi conceived of the radio as a substitute
for the telephone, a tool for private
conversation, but which is
(C) Marconi conceived of the radio as a tool for
private conversation that could substitute for the
telephone; instead, it has become
(D) Marconi conceived of the radio to be a tool for
private conversation, a substitute for the
telephone, which has become
(E) Marconi conceived of the radio to be a
substitute for the telephone, a tool for private
conversation, other than what it is,

本题答案是C
我的问题是that为什么不就近修饰conversation,而修饰tool 呢

我有一个理解，欢迎批评
that，包括“，+which” “it”，所谓的就近修饰，不是说一定是最靠近的名词，而是这个名词（名词短语）的中心名词。
比如这道题
as + 名词短语 ： tool for private conversation 中的中心名词是tool所以可以算就近修饰

这是我自己的解释，我真的不满意
可我如果想修饰conversation呢？
比如tool for private conversation that cannot be heard by others

这些怎么区分啊
我相信大家能找出好多例子
怎么把握这个就近的尺度呢？


借楼主一块宝地，希望牛人指教

sdcar2010

###

winny0821

Which指代小结—by aeoluseros：
1. 尽管A of B的结构，which没有就近修饰。
561.    One pervasive theory explains the introduction of breakfast cereals in the early 1900s as a result of the growing number of automobiles, which led to a decline in horse ownership and a subsequent grain glut; by persuading people to eat what had previously been horse feed, market equilibrium was restored.
2.  which不一定跳过插入语指代：
462.    Judge Lois Forer’s study asks why some litigants have a preferred status over others in the use of a public resource, the courts, which in theory are available to all but in fact are unequally distributed between rich and poor.
3. 通过单复数判断which的所指：
80.    Changes in sea level result not only from changes in water temperature, which affect water density, but also from the melting of glaciers.
44.    The survival of coral colonies, which are composed of innumerable tiny polyps living in a symbiotic relationship with brilliantly colored algae, is being threatened, experts say, not only by pollutants such as agricultural runoff, oil slicks, and trash, but also by dropped anchors, probing divers, and global warming.
173 (GWD-10-Q18) In analyzing campaign expenditures, the media have focused on the high costs and low ethics of campaign finance, but they have generally overlooked the cost of actually administering elections, which includes facilities, transport, printing, staffing, and technology.
205. (GWD-9-Q17) Unlike most other mergers in the utility industry, which have been driven by the need to save money and extend companies’ service areas, the merger of the nation’s leading gas company and leading electric company is intended to create a huge network for marketing the utilities in question as states open their utility markets to competition.
216. (GWD-13-1) Although she had been known as an effective legislator first in the Texas Senate and later in the United States House of Representatives, Barbara Jordan did not become a nationally recognized figure until 1974, when she participated in the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon, which were televised nationwide.
4. 通过时态区别which的所指：
488.    Like the government that came before it, which set new records for growth, the new government has made laissez-faire capitalism its cornerstone.

Stoneren关于which指代的一个观点：
  OG10-114: From the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long and two feet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar, which could carry four persons or eight hundred pounds of baggage yet was so light that a person could easily portage it around impeding rapids.
当which的潜在指代对象是一个独立的主语结构或独立的宾语结构时，且其指代对象的修饰成分比较简单，那么定语侧重于指代核心名词（在没有语法和逻辑问题的前提下）。

这里有一个PREP语法笔记里的讲解，算是缓解了我的疑惑

sherwoodrobin

them 不是指代的Moisture....吧，你一问我都含糊了，我做这题的时候指代的是chambers。
恩，应该是chambers

which 和it的问题我以前也纠结，刚刚好转，我主要用的是逻辑合理的方法。就近将which 与it前的名词提出来替换代词，如果逻辑不合理，则代词指代整句

我不是牛，但是我有时觉得牛的方法就像“洋枪”的子弹，有时不适合我这种“土炮”

-- by 会员 winny0821 (2010/11/18 2:54:24)

额……能具体些吗？有点没看懂的说……

-- by 会员 sherwoodrobin (2010/11/19 19:48:29)

比如用C说吧
which 前because tourists were exhaling moisture，从后向前找名词，moisture had raised the humidity...逻辑合理,则which指代moisture
再看A
which前moisture exhaled by tourists，从后向前，tourists had raised the humidity...逻辑不合理，再向前找，moisture had raised the humidity...合理，则指代moisture
但我觉得这个向前找的过程有个度的问题，不能太远了，我觉得一般可以是最后的名词，或名词短语中的中心词（请大牛拍砖）


我自己也有个问题：
106. Marconi’s conception of the radio was as a substitute
for the telephone, a tool for private conversation;
instead, it is precisely the opposite, a tool for
communicating with a large, public audience.
(A) Marconi’s conception of the radio was as a
substitute for the telephone, a tool for private
conversation; instead, it is
(B) Marconi conceived of the radio as a substitute
for the telephone, a tool for private
conversation, but which is
(C) Marconi conceived of the radio as a tool for
private conversation that could substitute for the
telephone; instead, it has become
(D) Marconi conceived of the radio to be a tool for
private conversation, a substitute for the
telephone, which has become
(E) Marconi conceived of the radio to be a
substitute for the telephone, a tool for private
conversation, other than what it is,

本题答案是C
我的问题是that为什么不就近修饰conversation,而修饰tool 呢

我有一个理解，欢迎批评
that，包括“，+which” “it”，所谓的就近修饰，不是说一定是最靠近的名词，而是这个名词（名词短语）的中心名词。
比如这道题
as + 名词短语 ： tool for private conversation 中的中心名词是tool所以可以算就近修饰

这是我自己的解释，我真的不满意
可我如果想修饰conversation呢？
比如tool for private conversation that cannot be heard by others

这些怎么区分啊
我相信大家能找出好多例子
怎么把握这个就近的尺度呢？


借楼主一块宝地，希望牛人指教

-- by 会员 winny0821 (2010/11/21 0:15:29)

就这题来看你关于which的修饰鉴别方法很有效，谢谢指点
关于你的那个问题，我觉得确实是中心词的意思，新东方有种说法是介词后的内容可以划掉，可能就是因为介词后的往往不是中心内容吧
that是可以根据逻辑意义进行远程指代的

liujin

In late 1997, the chambers inside the pyramid of the Pharaoh Menkaure at Giza
were closed to visitors for cleaning and repair due to moisture exhaled by tourists,
which raised its humidity to such levels so that salt from the stone was
crystallizing and fungus was growing on the walls.
A.    due to moisture exhaled by tourists, which raised its humidity to such levels so that salt from the stone was crystallizing
B.    due to moisture that tourists had exhaled, thereby raising its humidity to such levels that salt from the stone would crystallize
C.    because tourists were exhaling moisture, which had raised the humidity within them to levels such that salt from the stone would crystallize
D.    because of moisture that was exhaled by tourists raising the humidity within them to levels so high as to make the salt from the stone crystallize      
E.    because moisture exhaled by tourists had raised the humidity within them to such levels that salt from the stone was crystallizing

答案E里面里面为什么可以用them指代moisture啊？
不解

另外，发觉我有时总是分不清which和it是不是在指代整句话……请问各位大牛有什么辨明的方法吗？

-- by 会员 sherwoodrobin (2010/11/18 1:39:45)

句意为王。一切都是根据句子的意思来判断。
E.because moisture exhaled by tourists had raised the humidity within them to such levels that salt from the stone was crystallizing
them指代的当然不是moisture，而是chambers。

which和it指代什么要看具体的语义决定。