GMAT sc复习日志

jbc88

that included和including区别


United States Senator Daniel Inouye was appointed to several posts within the Democratic Party during his first term, that included assistant majority whip and vice-chair of the Democratic Senatorial Committee.
A.    that included
B.    which includes
C.    including
D.    some of which were
E.    among them being
这道题我看第一遍没办法在A和C之间进一步排除，算一道难题，对我现在的水平。
简读法在这道题上出了问题，DI was appointed to posts ， that这样读觉得很顺，但其实加上during等，就不那么顺了。
题目释义：DI was appointed to several posts……,including……
考点：
1.    定语从句；普通的非限定性定语从句要用which引导(个别非限定性定语从句依然用that引导，但不在GMAT考核范围之内)，而限定性定语从句要用that引导。(关于限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句区别见07prep语法笔记)
2.    介词结构；这里including并不是做伴随使用，Include和continue都很少有V-ing用法，这里的including是介词。
选项分析：
A．    引导普通的非限定定语从句用which；改为which后，which与所指的posts相隔太远，也不太好。
B．    根据句意，定语从句应该修饰several posts，故为复数，使用includes 错误,并且时态上讲应该使用一般过去时；which与所指的posts相隔太远，也不太好。
C．    Correct；including比which included更为简洁、明确。
D．    some of which与所指的posts相隔太远，相比之下不如C好；而且其改变了原句的含义。
E．    Being累赘；among them being修饰对象不明确(awkward)，并且无法引导独立主格。


我的总结
从语义上，不区分定语从句这些语法点的时候，that到底在理解上有哪里不好呢？
我想有2方面，1是that接着terms但显然不是修饰这个2，那么that就是修饰前面的句子，是那件事appointed to posts within...during...that，这个时候后面接的是两个职位（事情vs职位，这样语义就出现了问题）
但带着这种想法，又读了一遍之后是觉得that included不对了，但是觉得including也不那么对了。
解释里说它是介词，好吧，那我只能记住这道题了。

-- by 会员 torisea (2010/10/26 23:06:20)

这题绕到我了！！A难道少个词就叫简洁了吗？

torisea

这道题我现在也不是100%明白，但是建议你带着prep的分析再读两遍，深深深深的体会一下，你会觉得that的范围稍微大一些，感觉语义有点小问题。这个including我选择背下来。。。米有办法，
它还是介词。。。。借个我也选择背下来。。。米有办法

torisea

Less看到要反应出1，平行结构，2，less than搭配
She was less successful after she had emigrated to New York compared to her native Germany, photographer Lotte Jacobi nevertheless earned a small group of discerning admirers, and her photographs were eventually exhibited in prestigious galleries across the United States.
A.    She was less successful after she had emigrated to New York compared to
B.    Being less successful after she had emigrated to New York as compared to
C.    Less successful after she emigrated to New York than she had been in
D.    Although she was less successful after emigrating to New York when compared to  
E.    She had been less successful after emigrating to New York than in

此题如此简单，都无需贴解释，less than搭配一招杀的问题，我竟然把注意力集中在了she是否对，being是否对这些非重点上。看到C才发现哪有错。


我的思路调整：
按NEILJ所说的套路，读语义的作用有两个，第一找平行对应关系，前后两件事、比较两个东西，或者并列两个解释。第二，看固定搭配。（方法测试中）改掉原来一看主谓一致，二看代词一致的方法，这两个其实是fractions，从语义上找平行对应，是能够包括这两块的。

jbc88

这道题我现在也不是100%明白，但是建议你带着prep的分析再读两遍，深深深深的体会一下，你会觉得that的范围稍微大一些，感觉语义有点小问题。这个including我选择背下来。。。米有办法，
它还是介词。。。。借个我也选择背下来。。。米有办法

-- by 会员 torisea (2010/10/26 23:55:06)

我查了一圈回来了，连曼哈顿的美国佬也被这题搞萌了。


的确是介词。。恩，不纠结了。多好的题啊。以后再遇到，再也不怕了

torisea

The thirteen original British colonies in North America, some formed as commercial ventures, others as religious havens, each had a written charter that set forth its form of government and the rights of the colonists.
A.    some formed as commercial ventures, others as religious havens, each had a written charter
B.    some being formed as a commercial venture, others as religious havens, all of which had written charters
C.    some that formed as commercial ventures, others as religious havens, all had written charters
D.    with some being formed as a commercial venture, others as religious havens, all had a written charter      
E.    with some formed as commercial ventures, while others as religious havens, each had a written charter

时间60'
错误思路：
13殖民地，看见as，觉得应该跟个多form，没看下半句开始看选项，发现5个选项都不是。萌了。。试图读下后面set forth米有看懂
看选项，BCD用了all，这个all让我觉得它只能只带到others这里，不对，最后一个有with好奇怪，选了A（这种思路做GWD就会像我一战死的一样难看）


prep解释D
由于前面主句是主系表结构，with并不是引导独立主格；with的存在使得some并不是指代colonies，而是colonies所相关的东西；all与后面的its 单形式不统一。这也是一个非常awkward的句子，因为主语all前面堆积了大量的东西。

我的总结：正确思路
1， 必须看全了句子
13殖民地（复数），some as，others as。。each（each？）its（哦each是ok的）。。。
没发现问题，开始看选项
2，语感：with
with接的是圆圈之外的东西，some，others指的本来是圆圈的左右半球，with把左右半球的意思变成了圆圈的手手脚脚，所以不对了。

torisea

这道题我现在也不是100%明白，但是建议你带着prep的分析再读两遍，深深深深的体会一下，你会觉得that的范围稍微大一些，感觉语义有点小问题。这个including我选择背下来。。。米有办法，
它还是介词。。。。借个我也选择背下来。。。米有办法

-- by 会员 torisea (2010/10/26 23:55:06)

我查了一圈回来了，连曼哈顿的美国佬也被这题搞萌了。


的确是介词。。恩，不纠结了。多好的题啊。以后再遇到，再也不怕了

-- by 会员 jbc88 (2010/10/27 0:15:46)

呵呵 只能记住，记不住就只能弃了 这题在考场上让我选一个铁定选A了呵呵（我的原则是，在A和其他选项里纠结不出来的时候，就选A）
现在我这种水平的语感，真的感觉不出来他是个介词。。

torisea

语感之，寻找句尾分句的对应关系
The loan company announced it would soon lend money to borrowers with proven records of their not paying back their loans on time, collectively known as the subprime lending market.
A.    of their not paying back their loans on time,
B.    of not paying back their loans on time, a group
C.    of not paying back their loans on time, with such a group
D.    that they do not pay back their loans on time,    
E.    that they do not pay back their loans on time, such a group

prep对D的解释
定语从句在这里表达不简洁地道；未划线部分的known修饰loans不合理perp关于A选项中的they的分析：with引导一个形容词性介宾短语，我们可以转换为have来看:
borrowers have provenrecords of not paying back their loans on time，...

对比:

borrower have provenrecords that they do not pay back their loans on time,...
可以发现整句就这么一个主语，没有必要再次强调主语they.

时间：45秒
读题过程：company lend to borrowers, 解释，解释，A和D犹豫了一下选了A

我的语感总结：
1，modifier对应前面的哪个成分
句尾的分句是A group做同位语，对应的borrower；句尾的分句是 known，做定语就近修饰loan
再遇到选项里对分句的性质偷换的话，要能读出来；通过分句的意思判断，究竟哪个性质是正确的。

2，announced读题时应留心它的下一个verb，而不是announce本身
类似的词一般都是后面接that多的，总结中



3，代词最简洁的使用方法
如果本题的D作为划线部分，那么they和their两个成分看起来累赘。
把record that改成record of，之后的内容没有出现与borrowers不同的主语，那么省略they 和their两个成分。

torisea

which和whose的语感区别——句子重心


In 1988, the Council on Economic Priorities began publishing Shopping for a Better World, with the simple thesis of consumers having the power to change companies by the simple expedient of refusing to buy.
A.    with the simple thesis of consumers having
B.    which had the simple thesis of consumers having
C.    where the thesis was simple:  consumers having
D.    with a thesis that is a simple one:  consumers have    
E.    whose thesis was simple:  consumers have选项分析：A．用with引导的非限定性短语做伴随状语错误，而事实上，thesis是Shopping for a BetterWorld这本书的主题，不能作为前面整句话的伴随；thesis后面用of不好，thesis变成了某一类特定的consumers，而合理含义上应该是一个thesis应该是某个现象，因此要改为that从句(同位语从句)，或者用冒号来引出从句。

B．Thesis应该用同位语从句修饰；thesis of sb. doing sth.累赘，结构含糊。
C．关系代词where指向Shopping for a BetterWorld不恰当；冒号后面要用完整句子，缺少谓语。
D． with的错误同A，后面a thesis that is asimple one不简洁。
E． correct。


我的语感总结：
1，语义对应关系
如果，后面是with，那这个modifier做伴随修饰的是前面整句话，而不是最后一个词；
如果，后面是whose和which，那都是修饰最后一个词

2，thesis是论点的意思，这个modifier对应的是“出版物”本身，而不是“出书这件事”

3，of的用法
这道题对of的解释我不太赞同。
of后面不能接动宾结构 consumers having放在of后面，肯定很奇怪。所以有of的几个选项都不对。

4，which和whose
这道题如果B和E的差别只有which和whose的话，感觉也是whose更好。
which代表“它”，也就是这个book，后面要加had，“它 + 有 + 一个简单的论点”，那到thesis这里还需要一个“that”接着说下面的
whose代表“它的”，“它的 + 论点 + 是”
前面说“出书这事”，后面说“书的论点”前后两个主题用which肯定是不好的，感觉重心转不过来

比如
“我 + 买了一双鞋 + 它的品牌是小I.T”，接着要说的是这个牌子了，第三部分的重点是“它的品牌”，从前面已经过渡的很好了。
“我 + 买了一双鞋 + 它是小I.T的”，再接着说这个牌子如何如何的时候，感觉前后的重心没切换过来，第三部分还在说“它”呢

5，把句子修改的更加简洁
重心切换要把which换成whose
of后面加的是简单成分，一长串的用从句

torisea

Like对应的可以是（草地vs鸟）这种不同种类的东西
Like the grassy fields and old pastures that the upland sandpiper needs for feeding and nesting when it returns in May after wintering in the Argentine Pampas, the sandpipers vanishing in the northeastern United States is a result of residential and industrial development and of changes in farming practices.
A.    the sandpipers vanishing in the northeastern United States is a result of residential and industrial development and of changes in
B.    the bird itself is vanishing in the northeastern United States as a result of residential and industrial development and of changes in
C.    that the birds themselves are vanishing in the northeastern United States is due to residential and industrial development and changes to
D.    in the northeastern United States, sandpipers’ vanishing is due to residential and industrial development and to changes in          
E.    in the northeastern United States, the sandpipers’ vanishing, a result of residential and industrial development and changing

看到like很开心的开始找选项里的类似词，比如森林之类的，发现没有。。。一片迷茫
GWD果然没有白给的题，这道题如此简单，我却耗时接近2分钟，用缺少谓语这个原因排除了CE之后，开始不知所措


我的语感总结


1，语义的对应可以从谓语入手
grass field 和 bird确实是不同的东西，但是vanish这个动作确实他们的共同点。看句子不能割裂各个省份生硬的去看
就像“XX地”一样，“这些鸟自己”也“正在消失”


2，due to类似词汇的用法
Due to可以用attributed to或caused by替代来权衡逻辑上是否合理，其次due to，similar to，differing from等有形容词性质的介词，GMAT中一般不能出现在句首。

torisea

语义对应——前后的转折/递进关系，决定了连词是否准确


Not only did the systematic clearing of forests in the United States create farmland (especially in the Northeast) and gave consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but it also caused erosion and very quickly deforested whole regions.
A.    Not only did the systematic clearing of forests in the United States create farmland (especially in the Northeast) and gave consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but it also
B.    Not only did the systematic clearing of forests in the United States create farmland (especially in the Northeast), which gave consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but also
C.    The systematic clearing of forests in the United States, creating farmland (especially in the Northeast) and giving consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but also
D.    The systematic clearing of forests in the United States created farmland (especially in the Northeast) and gave consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but it also  
E.    The systematic clearing of forests in the United States not only created farmland (especially in the Northeast), giving consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but it

这道题A的错我第一眼没看出来，5个选项都读了一遍在A和D之间纠结了一小下，觉得D的意思感觉更清楚。


我的语感总结
not only but also 是一种递进关系（创造耕地  + 供给便宜的商品 ）是好事，同时（破坏森林）不是好事，前后不是递进的关系
所以去掉原题的递进关系，改成一种新的but结构，加了also不过是对后者的强调，并不是not only 结构出错，而是弃用此结构，更新了句意。
这样句意更加准确了。