讨论：by doing与by n.的比较，异常的困惑

dtcsnakely

顶啊。今天做到这题。同问啊。有没有大N来瞧瞧啊？

dtcsnakely

刚才猛然查了一下。发现imitate是及物动词，所以放在这里后面没跟任何东东就不行了。另外两个例子都是by doing sth，所以就make sense啦。

zxw96

我觉得好像不是看动作发出者来确定是否用by doing/by n.的问题。因为做到好几道ｐｒｅｐ答案都不能通过这个办法判断。
是否应该按时态来判断？如果这个句子有明确完成的意思，那么用by+n.表结果，如果句子有明确的带有目的的意思则用by+doing来强调动作．
例如：ｐｒｅｐ２
32. (26170-!-item-!-188;#058&003042)
The Chicago and Calumet Rivers originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan,
but having been redirected by constructing canals so that the water now empties into the
Mississippi by way of the Illinois River.
(A) Rivers originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, but having been
redirected by constructing
(B) Rivers had originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, but they have been
redirected by constructing
(C) Rivers, which originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan but have been
redirected by the construction of
(D) Rivers, originally flowing into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, but having been
redirected by the construction of
(E) Rivers, originally flowing into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, have been redirected
through the construction of
句子是现在完成时，表示已经完成，所以用n.表示结果

６４

The majority of scientists believe that to reduce and stabilize atmospheric concentrations of carbon

dioxide, emissions must be cut at the source by fossil fuels that are burned more efficiently and, in

some cases, by alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells that can replace fossil fuels altogether.

(A) fossil fuels that are burned more efficiently and, in some cases, by alternatives such as

hydrogen fuel cells that can replace fossil fuels altogether

(B) fossil fuels that are burned more efficiently and, in some cases, those that are replaced

altogether with alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells

(C) burning fossil fuels more efficiently and, in some cases, by replacing fossil fuels altogether with

alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells

(D) more efficiency in the burning of fossil fuels and, in some cases, by alternatives such as

hydrogen fuel cells that can replace fossil fuels altogether

(E) the more efficient burning of fossil fuels and, in some cases, by fossil fuels that are replaced

altogether with alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells

emissions must be cut at the source by 有很明显的强调动作的意思．

74. (28487-!-item-!-188;#058&003987)

Thirteen states from all regions of the country announced a plan to impose new controls on

pollution from truck and bus engines in that they will jointly adopt emission limits that would be far

stricter than the federal rules.

(A) to impose new controls on pollution from truck and bus engines in that they will jointly adopt

(B) to impose new controls on truck and bus engines' pollution by the joint adoption of

(C) to impose new controls on pollution from truck and bus engines by jointly adopting

(D) for imposing new controls on pollution from truck and bus engines, and jointly adopting

(E) for imposing new controls on truck and bus engine pollution in the joint adoption of

这里也有强调目的性的意思

不知道这么考虑对不对～～～　

74. (28487-!-item-!-188;#058&003987)

Thirteen states from all regions of the country announced a plan to impose new controls on

pollution from truck and bus engines in that they will jointly adopt emission limits that would be far

stricter than the federal rules.

(A) to impose new controls on pollution from truck and bus engines in that they will jointly adopt

(B) to impose new controls on truck and bus engines' pollution by the joint adoption of

(C) to impose new controls on pollution from truck and bus engines by jointly adopting

(D) for imposing new controls on pollution from truck and bus engines, and jointly adopting

(E) for imposing new controls on truck and bus engine pollution in the joint adoption of

这里也有强调目的性的意思

不知道这么考虑对不对～～～　

horsecc

我就是对105很有疑惑

lilyliu523

我也很疑惑！希望NN来解答一下这个问题！

lilyliu523

觉得这个解释比较合理！

刚才猛然查了一下。发现imitate是及物动词，所以放在这里后面没跟任何东东就不行了。另外两个例子都是by doing sth，所以就make sense啦。

-- by 会员 dtcsnakely (2010/7/2 16:45:30)

GTI

LZ对主语的问题真是很纠结啊，不过官方的解释应该是对的

wendydou

我觉着还是不能够从逻辑主语出发去判断BY DOING  OR BY N，11L说的可以解决这个问题。谢谢解惑

oc16chan

就SV一致的问题，64题Manhattan forum上说了OA并不完美，但是其他选项错误更多。与17题类似的，在选择by ving还是by noun这个问题上，就剩下C 和 D两个比较。

问题是，如果选D，efficiency and alternatives 本身并不会cut emission, by引导的句子表达的是通过做（动词）某事，至少要有一个动词表明“利用（动词）”了efficiency 或者alternatives才能cut emission.

用中文来说，就是“通过高效率和替代方式来减排”比不上“通过使用高效率和替代方式来减排”。主动行为的动词缺失使得D选项不可行，因此烂苹果中，只剩下C选项较优。这里与17题不一样的地方在于，imitate和practice本身就是主动性动词，像burn和replace一样，单独使用就可以表达句意。


就17题来讲，我觉得除了SV一致这个考点外，也考“现成动词>动词分词”，比如the release of the prisoners> the releasing of the prisoners. 放入Imitation或者Imitating表达的意思都是一样的，没有必要用分词,而且不会产生SV不一致的问题。

andy_lxh

N年前的帖子，做到这里时分享一个新思路，希望NN们指教：

结论：
1. By doing sth 不需要一定与句子的逻辑主语一致，但必须与所修饰动词的逻辑主语一致
2. By sth -Longman的解释-means/metho-- used to say what means or method someone uses to do something: sample- He was taken from his home by force.

对PREP177：
1）仅就By sth or By doing sth部分判断，与该动作逻辑主语无关，而是imitate 及practicing为及物动词，不能单独存在。
2）假设将A项改为by imitating Noun-A and practicing Noun-B,  该修饰语正确，因为 By doing sth 为adv modifier，修饰对象为Be passed, 逻辑主语等同 pass的动作发出者， some one pass new pattern from on to another by imitating A and practicing B.  Correct

对PREP105：
使用同样的方法，what "by failing " modify ? it clearly modify engaging but not accused,  所以- by failing 逻辑主语指向 动作engage的逻辑主语，bank engage in deceptive business practice by failing to do XXX. Correct.
A accused b of doing sth.  A 指控B做了什么
A accused b by doing sth, A 通过做XX指控B
A accused B of doing C by doing D. 此时，判断by doing C 修饰accused 还是 doing D，需要具体语义，两者均Grammtical right

对PREP64
同理，what "by burning" modify ? it modify " be cut" ，逻辑主语指向cut的逻辑主语， some one cut the source by burning fossil fuels more efficiently. Correct.

贴三个PREP正确句子：
PREP177：A Wrong；D Correct
In her 26 years in the forests of Gombe, Jane Goodall collected data that proved that chimpanzees
A. exhibit the kind of curiosity so that new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from each one to others by imitating and practicing
D. exhibit the kind of curiosity by which new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from one to another by imitation and practice

PREP105
Even though it was not illegal for the bank to share its customers' personal and financial information with an outside marketing company in return for a commission on sales, the state's attorney general accused the bank of engaging in deceptive business practices by failing to honor its promise to its customers to keep records private.

A Wrong， D Correct

PREP 64
The majority of scientists believe that to reduce and stabilize atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, emissions must be cut at the source by burning fossil fuels more efficiently and, in some cases, by replacing fossil fuels altogether with alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells