关于万年必考的代词指代问题

没办法1987

11  Before scientists learned how to make a synthetic growth hormone, removing it painstakingly in small amounts from the pituitary glands of human cadavers.

A. scientists learned how to make a synthetic growth hormone, removing it painstakingly

B. scientists had learned about making a synthetic growth hormone, they had to remove it painstakingly

C. scientist learned how to synthesize the growth hormone, it had to be painstakingly removed

D. learning how to make a synthetic growth hormone, scientists had to remove it painstakingly

E. Learning how to synthesize the growth hormone, it have to be painstakingly removed by scientists

OA: C

这题我也做错了，呜呜，还有今天做GWD爆爆爆郁闷郁闷啊，啊啊啊，让我发泄一下，都错成马了。

这个C选项我的题和你的题怎么不一样啊，我的是：

(C) scientists learned how to synthesize the growth hormone, it had to be painstakingly removed

所以it没有办法指代 scientists ，因为是复数

D是这样的，

(D) learning how to make a synthetic growth hormone, scientists had to remove it painstakingly

(D) learning how to make a synthetic growth hormone, scientists had to remove it painstakingly

注意it所指。正确的逻辑关系是：科学家们掌握了如何合成“生长激素”，这个“生长激素”是从人的尸体中提取的。正确的逻辑际关系中it指代的是“生长激素”，而不是“合成的生长激素”。所以D错。 the growth hormone和synthetic growth hormone的区别。因为科学家得到的样本是“the growth hormone”。

就是因为人体不可能有"合成的荷尔蒙" (人体的都是"天然"的荷尔蒙),所以it不能指代"合成的荷尔蒙"(D),而只能指代"荷尔蒙"(C).

这句是说,在科学家不会合成 Growth 荷尔蒙之前,只能从尸体上挖growth荷尔蒙.

如果是D,就是说: 科学家在学会制造"合成荷尔蒙"之前,不得不从尸体上挖"合成荷尔蒙".----->但是人体没有合成的,都是天然的

(C) scientists learned how to synthesize the growth hormone, it had to be painstakingly removed

所以it没有办法指代 scientists ，因为是复数

D是这样的，

(D) learning how to make a synthetic growth hormone, scientists had to remove it painstakingly

(D) learning how to make a synthetic growth hormone, scientists had to remove it painstakingly

注意it所指。正确的逻辑关系是：科学家们掌握了如何合成“生长激素”，这个“生长激素”是从人的尸体中提取的。正确的逻辑际关系中it指代的是“生长激素”，而不是“合成的生长激素”。所以D错。 the growth hormone和synthetic growth hormone的区别。因为科学家得到的样本是“the growth hormone”。

就是因为人体不可能有"合成的荷尔蒙" (人体的都是"天然"的荷尔蒙),所以it不能指代"合成的荷尔蒙"(D),而只能指代"荷尔蒙"(C).

这句是说,在科学家不会合成 Growth 荷尔蒙之前,只能从尸体上挖growth荷尔蒙.

如果是D,就是说: 科学家在学会制造"合成荷尔蒙"之前,不得不从尸体上挖"合成荷尔蒙".----->但是人体没有合成的,都是天然的

没办法1987

7. The new image of Stone Age people as systematic hunters of large animals, rather than merely scavenging for meat, have emerged from the examination of tools found in Germany, including there wooden spears that archaeologists believe to be about 400,000 years old.

A. merely scavenging for meat, have emerged from the examination of tools found in Germany, including

C. as mere meat scavengers, has emerged from examining tools found in Germany that includes

D. mere scavengers of meat, has emerged from the examination of tools found in Germany, which includes

E. mere scavengers of meat, has emerged from the examination of tools found in Germany, including

笔记中说 V+from+-ing分词或名词,这也有表示过程和结果的区别? 这个不是固定搭配么? 那么譬如说prevent from doing,这个词组是不是也有表状态还是表结果的区别呢?纠结-ing

prevent from doing是个固定的词组不存在这个问题，一般来说抽象名词是比doing形式更加注重结果。

这题应该选E吧，恩，因为including是介词，比其他选项更加合理。

没办法1987

形容词短语(除contrary to )/分词短语/介词短语,如果置于句首,做状语,修饰主句主语

contrary to 和名词性短语无逻辑主语.

形容词短语/-ED分词短语/介词短语/插入语 置于句中或句末,一般做定语.就近修饰离它最近的名词.

-ING分词短语,表伴随动作,修饰主句主语

             表伴随结果,无逻辑主语.

应该是对的。关于-ING分词短语的，坛子里有一个语法贴专门讲这个的，你可以看看

http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardid=23&replyid=3304064&id=326156&page=1&skin=0&Star=1

coffeenow

呃,怎么我发现每次我错的题你也都错捏~~~~~~~~~~~~

我今天也做GWD了,也是狂错.

不过我发现怎么我在CD上搜GWD 1-3,搜出来的题目跟我做的不一样,真奇怪

没办法1987

以下是引用coffeenow在2009/9/21 21:55:00的发言：

呃,怎么我发现每次我错的题你也都错捏~~~~~~~~~~~~

我今天也做GWD了,也是狂错.

不过我发现怎么我在CD上搜GWD 1-3,搜出来的题目跟我做的不一样,真奇怪

因为你错的题都是经典题啊

你看看是不是因为不同版本的gwd，要按题号搜，不要按套数搜

在置顶帖有讨论汇总，看那些，帖子很经典

没办法1987

关于MM你问我的having的问题：

having done和having been done的用法

Having done…分词结构不倾向当成定语修饰名词，应该改成定语从句；但是可以作状语，时间状语，伴随状语等等

一、必错
1.having done和having been done都不是动名词结构，因此不能充当名词成分！
所以SC中，如果这两个结构做主语、宾语等，必错！

2.having done和having been done做后置定语，必错！
having done做后置定语，一般都要改成相应的定语从句
having been done做后置定语，一般都要改成相应的done做过去分词，或者改成定语从句

3.having done和having been done用于“with独立主格”中必错！
指with+sb/sth+having done/having been done这种情况

二、可用但一定要慎用
做状语
having done和having been done都可以做伴随状语，但一定要注意，句子中明确地有“现在完成时”这种意思时。
这里举PREP中的两个正确的例子。
1.Having finally reached a tentative labor agreement with its company's pilots, the airline's board of directors must now determine how the airline can both increase profits and compete more effectively for customers than it did in the past.

2.Some patients who do not respond to therapies for depression may simply have received inadequate treatment, having, for example, been prescribed a drug at a dosage too low to be effective or having been taken off a drug too soon.
个人认为第二个例子尤其需要特殊记忆。

188.(26379-!-item-!-188;#058&001961)

Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are now drawing solid conclusions about how the human brain grows and how babies acquire language.

A. Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are

B. Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood over the past twenty years, and are

C. Neuroscientists amassing a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood over the past twenty years, and are

D. Neuroscientists have amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood,

E. Neuroscientists have amassed, over the past twenty years, a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood,

选A...   你可以把having理解成 adverbial participle clause也可以理解成那个， post-attributive participle clause 

having been 的例子看着题：

75.
            (28533-!-item-!-188;#058&003994)

 Some patients who do not respond to therapies for depression may simply have received inadequate treatment, having, for example, been prescribed a drug at a dosage too low to be effective or having been taken off a drug too soon.

(A) having, for example, been prescribed a drug at a dosage too low to be effective or having been

(B) having, for example, a drug prescription that was ineffective because the dosage was too low, or being

(C) as, for example, having too low of a dosage of a prescribed drug for it to be effective, or being

(D) when they have, for example, been prescribed too low a drug dosage for it to be effective, or were

(E) for example, when they have a drug prescription with a dosage too low to be effective, or been

选A，这里放句末做 adverbial participle clause

130. (31416-!-item-!-188;#058&004490)

 Industrialization and modern methods of insect control have improved the standard of living around the globe while at the same time they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants, having gone virtually unregulated since they were developed more than 50 years ago.

(A) while at the same time they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants, having

(B) while at the same time introducing some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants that have

(C) while they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants at the same time, and

have

(D) but introducing some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants at the same time that have

(E) but at the same time introduce some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants, having

答案：B

coffeenow

MM,语法的长划线题有什么解题技巧么?或者做语法题的时候有什么提高速度的方法么?

我最近总是超时,痛苦啊

coffeenow

Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are now drawing solid conclusions about how the human brain grows and how babies acquire language.

A. Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are

B. Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood over the past twenty years, and are

C. Neuroscientists amassing a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood over the past twenty years, and are

D. Neuroscientists have amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood,

E. Neuroscientists have amassed, over the past twenty years, a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood,

除了主从位置的改变,D有什么问题么?

没办法1987

多做题，开眼界，prep，prep新，做完应该就语法速度上去了，好的时候1分钟一个，坏的时候不超过1.5分钟

D逻辑意思改变了

原题是说“知道了...以后，这帮人干了什么事”他有个先后顺序在里面的

D选项变成了drawing 伴随，强调一种同时性

coffeenow

D也可以表示伴随结果啊,也就是说科学家在积累了大量的知识后,得出了...的结论,也是有先后的呀

-ING 可以表示前面整句所产生的结果,不是么?