OG11th中几个悬而未决的问题~

susieshen

现在分词做伴随状语的时候，有时候是“主句，Ving”，还有的时候直接是“主句Ving”没有逗号。

以下是我在OG上面看到关于现在分词做伴随状语的两个题，我直接把正确答案代进句子中了省得麻烦。

OG11th 88

The recent surge in the number of airplane flights has clogged the nation's air-traffic control system, leading to a 55 percent increase in delays at airports and prompting fears among some officals that safety is being compromised.

OG11th 93

OG11th 93

By a vote of 9 to 0, the Supreme Court awarded the Central Intelligence Agency broad discretionary powers enabling it to withhold from the public the identities of its sources of intelligence information.

By a vote of 9 to 0, the Supreme Court awarded the Central Intelligence Agency broad discretionary powers enabling it to withhold from the public the identities of its sources of intelligence information.

问题一：上面这两个句子应该都是现在分词作伴随状语，为什么前一个有逗号，后一个没逗号？这个逗号有没有用啊？

问题一：上面这两个句子应该都是现在分词作伴随状语，为什么前一个有逗号，后一个没逗号？这个逗号有没有用啊？

OG11th 97

OG11th 97

The stars, some of them at tremendous speeds, are in motion just as the planets are, yet being so far away from Earth that their apparent positions in the sky do not change enough for their movement to be observed during a single human lifetime.

(A)  The stars, some of them at tremendous speeds, are in motion just as the planets are, yet being

(B)  Like the planets, the stars are in motion, some of them at tremendous speeds, but they are

(C)  Although like the planets the stars are in motion,some of them at tremendous speeds, yet

(D)  As the planets, the stars are in motion, some of them at tremendous speeds, but they are

(E)  The stars are in motion like the planets, some of which at tremendous speeds are in motion but（B）

解释里面说This whole construction, “Like the planets, the stars are in motion, some of them at tremendous speeds”, is a main clause and must be followed by a comma before a coordinating conjunction (such as yet or but) introduces a second main clause.

问题二：我记得分号前后的句子必须都有主语和谓语，逗号不可以这样。但是上面的题里面怎么会有两个主句，并且用逗号连着。这是个什么结构？

OG11th

89.Presenters at the seminar, one who is blind, will demonstrae adaptive equipment that allows visually impaired people to use computers.

a  one who

b  one of them who

c  and one of them who

d  one of whom

e  one of which(d)

问题三：这道题中，OG10解释说one of whom is blind做presenters的同位语（OG11th没说同位语）。我想问一下，one of whom is blind是介宾结构

还是什么结构？我以前看论坛里面携隐总结过同位语的结构里面没有说介宾结构可以作同位语，所以想问问这个是什么东西做的同位语。

问题四：有没有哪位高人总结过关于句子中的省略的语法点分享一下？

问题五：是不是GMAT中能不用被动语态就尽量不要用呢？

另外这些问题我都已经查过相关讨论帖了，要么就是没人问过要么就是没有得到一致答案~~希望大家帮忙~~

[此贴子已经被作者于2009-4-1 21:26:11编辑过]

alohabrian

1.leading的例子是句末的结果状语，但是enabling的例子里，enabling不是状语，是后置的restrictive participle modifier,限制性分词定语

2 Like the planets, the stars are in motion, some of them at tremendous speeds, but they are 这里的主干结构是 the stars are ..., but they are.

some of them at tremendous speeds是置于句末的absolute construction，不是完整的主谓句。

3 这个例子，很特殊，我问过这个问题，看这个连接。http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?BoardID=23&ID=373759&replyID=&skin=1

4 很难单独总结省略，一般原则是：没有歧义，重复的就去省略， 有时为了照顾平行结构，明明没有歧义的结构里，可以省略却不省略。

  以前的 庖丁解牛 比较句里面说的省略原则，其实有一些问题的。

我的原则是：优选 无歧义，又平行 的 句子。   次选 无歧义 不平行的句子   不选 有歧义，但平行的句子。 更不可能选 有歧义，又不平行的句子。

5 不能这么说，因为被动省略了施动者，在强调施动者的句子里不要省，一切看句子 表达和意思。

[此贴子已经被作者于2009-4-1 19:00:42编辑过]

alohabrian

另外，请读这篇文章。关于比较句的省略歧义产生的根源问题，这文章里提到过了。 2. Style: arallelism, Passives, Redundancy, and Wordiness

§ 2. comparisons with as and than

“Did you know that more people are killed each year by hogs in Indiana than by sharks?” says a writer in Scuba Magazine. You may well be wondering how many sharks there are in Indiana. In comparisons using as and than it is the second element that can give you trouble. It is easy to set up a faulty parallel, especially when prepositional phrases are involved. Consider this sentence:   I want the photos in our brochure to look as impressive as their brochure.	1
Here the writer wants to compare photos in two different brochures, but the syntax compares the photos of one brochure with the entire brochure of the other organization. To be truly parallel, the sentence must read:   I want the photos in our brochure to look as impressive as those in their brochure.	2
Note the addition of the pronoun those to counterbalance photos in the previous section of the sentence, and the repetition of the preposition in. You could, of course, repeat the noun photos instead of using a pronoun. Here is a similar example:   They felt that the condition of the new buildings was not much better than the old ones.	3
In this sentence the condition of the new buildings is compared with the old buildings themselves, not with their condition. To make the sentence parallel, you must add the pronoun that to balance the noun condition. Again, you can repeat the noun if this is more to your liking, but in either case the prepositional phrase with of must follow:   They felt that the condition of the new buildings was not much better than that (or the condition) of the old ones.	4
Sometimes it’s only the second preposition that gets left out in these comparative constructions, as in More cars are built in Canada than Mexico, where perfect parallelism requires … than in Mexico.	5
As and than comparisons pose additional problems when the noun following as or than is the subject or object of an implied clause. Does the sentence The employees are more suspicious of the arbitrator than the owner mean that the employees distrust the arbitrator more than they distrust the owner or that the employees distrust the arbitrator more than the owner does? To be clear you must add a verb to the second element of the comparison: The employees are more suspicious of the arbitrator than they are of the owner or The employees are more suspicious of the arbitrator than the owner is.	6
Of course, sentences containing as and than comparisons may be unambiguous but still be in need of balancing. Here are two other examples:   More than twice as many tons of corrugated cardboard are recycled each year than (are tons of) newspaper.   The factory is producing as many transmissions as (it did) last year.	7
The material in parentheses is often left out in sentences of this type, but parallelism requires it.	8
Making a syntactically imperfect comparison may not be the most grievous fault you can commit in writing, and nearly everyone makes these faults when speaking. But when you have the choice, why not be precise?

misslp

第一点讲的太好了,谢谢.

以下是引用alohabrian在2009-4-1 18:55:00的发言：

1.leading的例子是句末的结果状语，但是enabling的例子里，enabling不是状语，是后置的restrictive participle modifier,限制性分词定语

2 Like the planets, the stars are in motion, some of them at tremendous speeds, but they are 这里的主干结构是 the stars are ..., but they are.

some of them at tremendous speeds是置于句末的absolute construction，不是完整的主谓句。

3 这个例子，很特殊，我问过这个问题，看这个连接。http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?BoardID=23&ID=373759&replyID=&skin=1

4 很难单独总结省略，一般原则是：没有歧义，重复的就去省略， 有时为了照顾平行结构，明明没有歧义的结构里，可以省略却不省略。

  以前的 庖丁解牛 比较句里面说的省略原则，其实有一些问题的。

我的原则是：优选 无歧义，又平行 的 句子。   次选 无歧义 不平行的句子   不选 有歧义，但平行的句子。 更不可能选 有歧义，又不平行的句子。

5 不能这么说，因为被动省略了施动者，在强调施动者的句子里不要省，一切看句子 表达和意思。

susieshen

谢谢alohabrain不厌其烦的解释！！！我看了好久……~~统统记下了

还有点关于你的回答的问题~~

第二问题解答之中，为什么some of them at tremendous speeds是置于句末的absolute construction，就不是完整的主谓句了？？？前后两句都有主语和谓语啊！

还有，我笨的很，那篇文章前两句“Did you know that more people are killed each year by hogs in Indiana than by sharks? ”says a writer in Scuba Magazine. You may well be wondering how many sharks there are in Indiana. 这句啥意思？？？我理解啊……sorry~

还有一个这句More than twice as many tons of corrugated cardboard are recycled each year than (are tons of) newspaper.

我记得OG里面有道题不是说只能有as many...as不能用as many....than么？我找找这题~~

总之，超级感谢alohabrain~~

alohabrian

1.some of them at tremendous speeds没有谓语的，只是 Subject + Prepostion Pharse，这个 无动词的独立主格的标准结构之一。

不能看成是some of them at tremendous speeds省略了are,如果这样就不会只是用 逗号和 前句连接。这种结构很常见的。

2.More than twice as many tons of corrugated cardboard are recycled each year than (are tons of) newspaper

as many... than在gmat里的确不允许， 要用使用更加标准的，as many ...as

susieshen

明白了~~~再次感谢alohabrain！~~~~

alohabrian

Did you know that more people are killed each year by hogs in Indiana than by sharks? ”says a writer in Scuba Magazine. You may well be wondering how many sharks there are in Indiana. 这句啥意思？？？

你是哪句不理解？比较句还是后面的句子？

其实作者的观点是这样

比较句歧义的根源在于： as和than结构之后住出现 一个 名词。

因为只出现一个名词。如果前句里有宾语的话，会产生比较对象的模糊，究竟是S比较S，还是O比较O?

但是不能片面的像前人总结里那样片面地去理解歧义结构，以前人认为: 只要than和as只有一个名词就有歧义，就有歧义。

歧义不歧义要结合动词的含义来看。一般比较容易出现歧义的情况：1.as和than之后的名词 在逻辑上，既可以做 动词 之后 被比较的宾语，又可以做主语。

                                                            2.as 和than之后的名词 在逻辑上，既可以做 被比较的介词的宾语，又可以做主语。

如果不上上面两种情况，或者说 从逻辑角度上没有歧义的，就是没有歧义。事实上，在比较动词宾语的结构里，than和as之后只能有一个名词。

susieshen

弱弱的接着问……还是没懂~~

sharks前面都有by了啊~~一看就知道by sharks 和 by hogs是一致的，这不就不会再有歧义了么？

alohabrian

没有歧义的，这句话作者是说写的好。