In B and E, dependent is a n. to reflect tree, is not logic In A, it is obvious that size, climate, and altitude are a set of parallel three, it doesn't make anysense to group the later two together and parallel the group with its size. In C, even if the both is omitted, still has the same issue as A.
as stated above, "dependent" is an adjective, and "depending" is a participle (which introduces an adverbial modifier that modifies the action of the clause, rather than modifying a noun).
the bigger problem here, though, lies in the different meanings of the 2 words. "dependent" refers to reliance on another for some kind of support (as in "my children are dependent on me for their food and shelter"). so not only is that choice sketchy in terms of grammar, but its meaning is also all kinds of wrong: it makes no sense to say that a tree is "dependent" on its size (does its size provide it with food or water? etc)