prep2-32

lichabrend

up

sunnysea920

也理解不了什么时候可以把原句子谓语改成插入语。。仍然觉得怪怪的。

songlovegt

以下是引用AlienX在2008-6-25 7:49:00的发言：
我覺得B不對是因為"by constructing".
I gain weight by eating junk food. = 我為了增重而去食junk food. "食"and"增重"都是由我"做".
(The Chicago and Calumet Rivers)they have been redirected by constructing canals. = The Chicago and Calumet Rivers為了被redirect而去construct canals.  河不可能去建canals...
The Chicago and Calumet Rivers have been redirected through the construction of canals.  The Chicago and Calumet Rivers透過the construction of canals被redirect.
兩句的意思不一樣. B在意思上好像不對...?

支持版主的解释。

此外，此句所要强调的中心意思为后面一句，而非并列强调，仔细体会所要着重强调的中心思想。So that 也表明了强调的中心。

songlovegt

以下是引用AlienX在2008-6-25 7:49:00的发言：
我覺得B不對是因為"by constructing".
I gain weight by eating junk food. = 我為了增重而去食junk food. "食"and"增重"都是由我"做".
(The Chicago and Calumet Rivers)they have been redirected by constructing canals. = The Chicago and Calumet Rivers為了被redirect而去construct canals.  河不可能去建canals...
The Chicago and Calumet Rivers have been redirected through the construction of canals.  The Chicago and Calumet Rivers透過the construction of canals被redirect.
兩句的意思不一樣. B在意思上好像不對...?

版主关于 by 逻辑主语的总结大部分情况都适用，但我刚找到了一个反例，贴上来一起研究。

prep2

99. (29685-!-item-!-188;#058&004361)

Frederick Winslow Taylor, a machinist and engineer who worked in the early twentieth century,

believed that the productivity of a job could be improved if one were to separate the components of

a task into its individual motions and found the best way to perform each motion, then redesign the

job so that each motion could be done as efficiently as possible.      

(A) if one were to separate the components of a task into its individual motions and found the best

way to perform each motion, then redesign

(B) if one separated the components of a task into individual motions, found the best way to perform

the motions, and then redesigning

(C) if the components of a task were separated into individual motions, finding the best way of

performing the motions, and then redesigned

(D) by separating the components of a task into individual motions, finding the best way to perform

each motion, and then redesigning

(E) by separating the components of a task into individual motions, finding the best way of

performing each motion, then redesign

(D)

(D)

by separating, by finding and by redesigning 动作的发出者应该是未提及的人，不可能是the productivity of a job  难道是Frederick Winslow Taylor, 间隔太远了，也有一些牵强。这里 a job 是泛指，所以 by separating, by finding and by redesigning 动作的发出者也应该是泛指的人，而不是 Frederick Winslow Taylor

by separating, by finding and by redesigning 动作的发出者应该是未提及的人，不可能是the productivity of a job  难道是Frederick Winslow Taylor, 间隔太远了，也有一些牵强。这里 a job 是泛指，所以 by separating, by finding and by redesigning 动作的发出者也应该是泛指的人，而不是 Frederick Winslow Taylor

        

[此贴子已经被作者于2009-3-5 11:05:15编辑过]

songlovegt

以下是引用AlienX在2008-6-25 8:37:00的发言：
我回去看了一下, 好像OG10的所有有by verb-ing的句子在SC都一致:
主+謂+...+by verb-ing. "謂"跟"by verb-ing"的都是"主"能做的....
以下是OG10的例句:
82.     In contrast to large steel plants that take iron ore through all the steps needed to produce several different kinds of steel, small mills, by processing steel scrap into a specialized group of products, have been able to put capital into new technology and remain economically viable.
86.     His right hand and arm crippled by a sniper's bullet during the First World War, Horace Pippin, a Black American painter, worked by holding the brush in his right hand and guiding its movements with his left.
154.    In 1791 Robert Carter III, one of the wealthiest plantation owners in Virginia, stunned his family, friends, and neighbors by filing a deed of emancipation, setting free the more than 500 slaves who were legally considered his property.
160.    While some propose to combat widespread illegal copying of computer programs by attempting to change people's attitudes toward pirating, others suggest reducing software prices to decrease the incentive for pirating, and still others are calling for the prosecution of those who copy software illegally.
173.    Joan of Arc, a young Frenchwoman who claimed to be divinely inspired, turned the tide of English victories in her country by liberating the city of Orleans and persuaded Charles VII of France to claim his throne.
216.    Many policy experts say that shifting a portion of health-benefit costs back to the workers not only helps to control the employer's costs, but also helps to limit medical spending by making patients more careful consumers.

再把这几个例子贴到一起看看

smartsky11

是

anzhiying

以下是引用onefi在2008/6/25 2:13:00的发言：

8.         (24773-!-item-!-188;#058&001691)

Ozone, a special form of oxygen that screens out harmful ultraviolet rays, reaches high concentrations twelve miles above Earth, where it has long appeared that it was immune from human influence; we have now realized, though, that emissions of industrial chlorofluorocarbons deplete the ozone layer.

(A) has long appeared that it was immune from

(B) has long appeared to have been immune from

(C) has long appeared as being immune to

(D) had long appeared immune to

(E) had long appeared that it was immune to

这一题之所以选D，是因为后面的分句用了have now realized，与后面的句子的时态相比，前半句说ozone已经不是这个时候（have now realized的时候）之前的那个时候人们所认识的了，所以用了had long appeared。

那么楼主这道题，为什么B中的时态是错误的？

同问。过去完成时为什么错了？谢

guyiyu1987

我想问E中的被动语态执行者不是不能用through/ as a result表达的吗？

这里为什么是through是对的？

没办法1987

there are two things wrong with (b).

one:
the use of the past perfect (had flowed) is inappropriate, because there is no second past-time marker or event to which this first event is relevant.
compare: the rivers had originally flowed into the st. lawrence, but then their course was diverted by...
        
the correct tense to use here would be the simple past, because this is the only past time frame referenced in the whole sentence.

two:
'by constructing' seems to refer back to the rivers as its ostensible subject, implying (absurdly) that the rivers themselves constructed the canals.

idiomatically, "BY ___ING" retains the subject of the preceding clause. this is something you just have to know.
it is also something of which most native speakers are aware, even though they can't actually articulate it. (this is the case for a great many, if not most, usage and idiom rules, actually.)
examples:
i am bored by performing jazz --> this means i get bored when i PLAY the music MYSELF.
i am bored by the performance of jazz --> i don't like to sit and listen to someone else play jazz.

没办法1987

hum...

虽然这么说，但是我觉得过去完成时这里其实是有道理的

过去完成时表示1、过去的过去；2、现在完成时的过去

一个例子prep2-8

Ozone, a special form of oxygen that screens out harmful ultraviolet rays, reaches high concentrations twelve miles above Earth, where it has long appeared that it was immune from human influence; we
            have now realized, though, that emissions of industrial chlorofluorocarbons deplete the ozone layer.

(A) has long appeared that it was immune from

(B) has long appeared to
        have been immune from

(C) has long appeared as being immune to

(D) had long appeared immune to

(E) had long appeared that it was immune to

注意这题的时态，现在完成时的过去