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MINDFREE 语法总结
一直有人问我要我的SC总结。因为旧笔记本电脑LCD损坏，而旧IBM的HD又和我新IBM的HD不同size, 一直无法recover. 今天终於找了一个显示器，顺利地找到原来的GMAT文件。以下是我当时做SC的全部总结。其中前68项是我自己的总结，69以后是前人的总结。未经排版， 有些杂乱。如果发现错误，请及时指出。谢谢。
1.最主要的几点: 通顺, 流畅, 简洁, 清楚无歧义, 语法正确且用正确的idiom
2.读题,读完全句,注意时态,主语单复数,逻辑结构,整句意思和语气,找idiom和平行结构. 文章中将两个部分等同时,一定要看是否是同一类型,逻辑是否正确! 当两个答案都好像可选时,从逻辑(意思)入手!
3.时态(注意未划线部分的时态,以前后搭配!!!;过去完成时必须和过去时连用,并表示过去曾发生但在过去某时间已停止;现在完成时表示已经完成并不再进行的动作(但如果有since, for等时间状语,则表示还将继续的动作);如果是同时间发生,将来时和一般现在时不能连用); 代词(it, those, that尤其是it,应就近修饰名词或指代所在主句或从句的主语)和单复数; 主谓一致(单三)和both, each, each other, one another的用法及一致(both…each other为错);平行结构(修饰和被修饰部分,省略,主语一致);if和whether; 歧义(修饰词,状语,代词的位置);redundancy (从句还是分词,that is, being, etc.); 动名词,分词和不定式(动名词表伴随,结果,正在发生,which, it和动名词做伴随状语; 情态动词(原文中的情态动词一般不能改);so that, such that, 和so as to的用法; 动名词,分词和不定式(动名词表示结果和正在发生的动作等,如果描述过去的动作,用动名词错;不定式一般表目的,偶尔才表结果); such as和like; unlike, in contrary to, despite, although;逗号;
4.状语所在的位置和被修饰动词的关系; 修饰词与被修饰词的位置和关系P120-24 P121-27,
5.代词的对应关系; it, this, that, these, those等必须有相对应的名词 P111 7-8, 如果划线部分有代词, 一定要找到所指代的名词, 如没有或不对应, 必错; it同which不能表示前面的整句; this不做指代P121-27
6.OG-43; OG50; OG-55(within; A instead of B前后也要一致); OG-59; OG-60; OG-70; OG-74; OG-80(those做代词前面应有复数名词相对应); OG-83 (it的用法); OG-84; OG-91; OG-100; OG-105; OG-109 (require of…that (not to); of的用法jobs of skill);OG-111(give credit to sb. for doing sth); OG-124; OG126!!; OG-132(equal and equivalent的用法);OG-133(平行结构is done和do不平行); OG-134(should and will); OG-135(use of comma—平行的有独自主谓结构的句子之间必须有逗号!); OG-137(of and for); OG-146(if从句中不用will将来时); OG-155; OG-158(as is not idiomatic); OG-161(would和will); OG-171; OG-176; OG-183(代词的重要性); OG-188(that和who的比较); OG-190(并列项的逻辑关系); OG-195(多对一的逻辑关系错); OG-197(and和as well as的区别); OG-198(过去某时前发生的动作必须用过去完成时); OG-205(although); OG-214(it); OG-216(and also=not only…but also); OG-229(for the process can mean…); OG-230(in reference to and referring to); OG-237(interaction of); OG-255(passive tense; they; it);
7.句子结构简洁: 分词结构优先于从句; being一般省略; 但比较时than后的主谓要全:避免歧义
8.分词结构做状语等句子成分时,其逻辑主语一定要和主句主语一致 P120-25
9.主动优先于被动
10.such as代替like; rather than代替instead of; increased优先于increasing; 两者之间的比较用compare with而不用compare to;用whether不if引导从句;
11.In that不出现在句首
12.admit to something, e.g. He admits to his lack in computer skills.
13.seem to be为正确结构. 不用seem + adjective or noun
14.介宾短语(如on the basis of)在句首不要求逻辑主语
15.现在分词表示主动,伴随,结果,和正在进行的动作, 过去分词表示被动和完成的动作,不定式表示将来发生或目的,不定式做修饰成分与主语不分开 P
16.常用词: attempt to; both…and; not only…but also; suggest A as B; define…as; use…as; consider sth. sth. (而不是consider sth. as sth.); regard as; legend has it that; choose from, contribute to; according to; conclude that; not so much as; neither nor; modeled after; a result of; to result in; a debate over; a responsibility to, responsible for; different from; a consequence of; so…as to be; so…that; depicted as; as great as; as good as; better than; attribute to; credited with; agree with; appear to; because of; depend on; due to; in order to; subject to; insofar as (在…范围内,相当于as far as); alter sth. to do sth.; mold sth. to do sth.;
17.unlike, opposite to和in contrast to在句首时,其逻辑主语应与主句主语一致;contrary to无须如此P119-22
18.不能改变句意和正确结构, 主从关系不能改变!! P120-25
19.only的位置要与句意相符armed only with a map不能用only armed with a map
20.注意并列结构如:that…and that…
21.同位语从句只能用that引导(that无实际意义,e.g. The news that he is gay proves…)
22.在GMAT中,复数名词可以拥有单数事物, e.g. Three out of four own a bicycle. Some have a preferred status over others.
23.rich and poor等同于the rich and the poor
24.type和kind不能等同于事物,要加of P135 8-11
25.While(whereas)一般不引导时间状语从句,而是表示前后的强烈对比,并且要注意前后的搭配(一致),包括单复数和时态. P136 8-12 P144-22; while + 动词现在分词, 与主句动作做强烈对比
26.Despite后不跟动名词短语,只跟简单名词
27.that和whom所引导的成分为宾语时可省略,e.g. the guy he talked to, the pain it causes, etc.
28.that在其它情况下不能省略! The doctor suggests that…
29.WHAT的用法: A1 is to B1 what A2 is to B2; WHAT的另一种用法what is now P138 8-15
30.当引导从句时, 介词+which优于where, 因为前者更明确
31.理解句意, 注意歧义! P140-2 avoid duplication of facilities而不是avoid duplicated facilities 避免建设中的重复而不是避免建设; 注意动词和受动词的关系, 注意比较事物之间的关系(什么与什么的比较); P142-13 a sizeable wolf population有歧义,可能是大型的狼,也可能是大群的狼!
32.当短语或从句中的主语被省略时,一定要看是否和主句的主语相符,录e.g. When sleeping, the hormone is secreted. WRONG!
33.Where once = because P141-5
34.there being错 P141-7
35.after when错 P141-7
36.on condition that后用虚拟语气 P142-12
37.whether引导的宾语从句带有否定或是不确定的意思, 所以从句中可加or not. 如果主句是肯定则不能用whether引导宾语从句
38.P146-27 C选项中没有歧义,可以接受; P144-19 B选项中也不存在歧义, 因为whose不可能修饰blood pressure.
39.There be只能表示在某处存在某事物.
40.在比较中要注意被比较的事物, e.g. P156 9-6中,被比较的是回收纸的数量而不是纸本身,more paper的用法不如the amount o paper准确
41.the more…the more可以省略系动词,但前后要一致: The great the nation wealth, the greater the amount of meat consumed.
42.(至少)等于,或大于的表示: at least as…as; as…as, if not more so; as…as or 比较级 than
43.Goods是复数形式, e.g. Half of his goods were lost in the storm
44.情态动词作用特殊,一般不用其它结构或动词(如be动词)代替.
45.Not any不如直接用no
46.结构上的对称在GMAT中很重要, 尤其在比较中: as…as, more…than
47.Worth prep. 价值 a book worth $20; He is worth $1 million
48.No less an authority than Mr. XXX 象Mr. XXX这样权威的人
49.noun + of + less than是固定用法: investment of less than $1 million; vehicles of less than 8000 pounds; population of less than 100 people
50.比较中如果前后的主语相同, 后面的主语可省略. P168-13
51.P170-28 No less remarkable than the development of CD has been the use…习惯用法
52.So修饰形容词, such修饰名词, e.g. such an extraordinary fee或fee are so extraordinary that… so extraordinary fees错!
53.As much as表肯定, so much as用于否定; so much that或as much that错!
54.More (less) of + noun (可数或不可数) 更大(更少)程度上的 P-172-35, less/more为名词
55.Compare to指比喻,比作, e.g. Life is often compared to a voyage; 比较同类事物时用compare with, e.g. compare the brain of human with that of elephant
56.During一般不与将来时段连用, during the next 50 years少用, 多用其它词如over (over the next 50 year), within (within the foreseeable future)等替换 E5-56, E9-55
57.再次强调, 看到代词一定要看是否指代为唯一, 是否会产生歧义! P177-57
58.比较要看事物的可比性, 结构的对称,
59.表示原因一般用because, 较少用due to或since
60.A do (does) sth., just as B do (does) sth.; Just as A do (does) sth., so B do (does) sth.; As A do (does) sth., so too do (does) A (or so tooA do (does)正如…也 As Tom is…so too are we…
61.The nation's three military academics have seen a dramatic rise in applications, one fueled by a resurgence of patriotism, increasing tuition costs at private college, and improved recruiting by the academics.
62.一定要注意主语和谓语的搭配, e.g. Out of America's fascination with all things antique have grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that are bringing back the chaise lounge, the overstuffed sofa, and the claw-footed bathtub.
B. things antique has grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that is bringing
E. antique things has grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that bring
63.修饰thing一类的词时，形容词放在后面. Things interesting, things antique, 见上例.
64.12. Affording strategic proximity to the Strait of Gibraltar, Morocco was also of interest to the French throughout the first half of the twentieth century because they assumed that if they did not hold it, their grip on Algeria was always insecure.
(A) if they did not hold it, their grip in Algeria was always insecure
(B) without it their grip on Algeria would never be secure
(C) their grip on Algeria was not ever secure if they did not hold it
(D) without that, they could never be secure about their grip on Algeria
(E) never would their grip on Algeria be secure if they did not hold it
这里的角度是French在first half of the century.在那时French did hold it! 虽然与现在的事实相反,如果你改成过去完成时,就改变了原句意思,变成了在first half of the century French没有hold Morocco.理解一下.
65.4.Analysts blamed May's sluggish retail sales on unexciting merchandise as well as the weather, colder and wetter than was usual in some regions, which slowed sales of barbeque grills and lawn furniture.
(A)colder and wetter than was usual in some regions, which slowed
(B)which was colder and wetter than usual in some regions, slowing
(C)since it was colder and wetter than usually in some regions, which slowed
(D)being colder and wetter than was usually in some regions, slowing
(E)having been colder and wetter than was usual in some regions and slowed
66.Developing nations in various parts of the world have amassed $700 billion in debts; at stake, should a significant number of these debts be repudiated, is the solvency of some of the world’s largest multinational banks.
(A) should a significant number of these debts be repudiated, is
(B) should a significant number of these debts be repudiated, are
(C) should they repudiate a significant number of these debts, are
(D) if there is a repudiation of a significant number of these debts, would be
(E) if a significant number of these debts will be repudiated, is
67.As if在GMAT中多为错.
68.So…that…中的倒装结构
1.So poorly designed and built are many of its new cars that the Zenith Car Company has decided to overhaul its entire production process.
A So poorly designed and built are many of its new cars that
B Many of its new cars which are so poorly designed and built demonstrates why
C Because of many new cars that are poorly designed and built that
D As poorly designed and built as many of its new cars are,
E That many of its new cars are poorly designed and built is why
69.GMAT考试语法改错题方法小结
转自：http://www.gter.net 作者:新东方
CORRECTIVENESS
I. Logical Fallacies (logical perfection is superior to grammatical
imperfection, the first and foremost issue of GMAT grammar is logic)
(i)"Shanghai is bigger than any cities in China. "is mistaken because
Shanghai cannot be larger than any cities that inclusive of itself. So it
should be "Shanghai is bigger than any other cities in China."
(ii)Blind eyesight; visible wavelength are logically flawed
arrangement; it should be "blind people", "visible radiation" instead.
(iii)Price cannot cause inflation but Price Increase can.
(iv)前后转折关系(by transitional words as‘but 'etc.)是否成立要看前后的分类
标
(v)准是否统一：big measurement→small measurement
III.主谓搭配和代词指代(七大类型)
(vi)出现句首名(vii)词+长串修饰考主谓搭配的可能性很大；
(viii)在英文中永远只有主谓搭配，同(ix)位语对谓语动词单复(x)数没有影响
Five hundred students each have a computer.
Each of five hundred students have a computer.
Leaf and *** material, the most *** parts, Vt.s
Five hundred students, groups each have a computer.
(xi)倒装句(搞清主语在哪)
a.介词在句首，b.状语+句子谓语动词+主语(完全倒装)
c.极端形容词或So放在句首
(xii)Never, Whether, What, Should在一个完整句子做整个句子的主语，(xiii)谓
语动作用单数
(xiv)代词指(xv)代，同(xvi)样一句话中相同(xvii)的代词指(xviii)代相同(xix)的
事物：they, them, their在一句话中必须指(xx)代同(xxi)一主体
推论：It在句首做形式主语，后面it不能指代同一主体。如果出现这样的选项，一定
错！
(xxii)Exoneration and his freedom例题：泛指(xxiii)和特指(xxiv)不(xxv)能对
称；代词是个特指(xxvi)概念，(xxvii)不(xxviii)能随意丢失，(xxix)否则句子意思发生
变化。
8GMAT中所有代词都不用来指代整个句子，只能是特定的名词或主体。但是当it在句首做
形式主语时，可以指代：-
1.后面的不定式
2.后面的that从句，
3.如：It is you who is my friend that…
IV.固定搭配的错误
(xxx)require somebody to do something that +虚拟语气省略should of
somebody that +虚拟语气省略should (xxxi)as的固定搭配begin as, depict as,
regard as, perceive as, represent as, see as, be prizeless as, be acclaimed
as, think of as, be seem as (xxxii)to be: consider something (省略to be)
something [正确答案的出现方式] (xxxiii)help
a)help somebody to do something
b)help (to do) something
c)helpful in doing
(xxxiv)at point; at pole; at equator; aim at doing something
(xxxv)forbid somebody to do something; forbid something
(xxxvi)prohibit somebody from doing something; prohibit something
(xxxvii)compare A to B (把A比作B)
(xxxviii)compare A with B (相同(xxxix)事物比较)
(xl)in that标(xli)准书面英语，(xlii)汉译为"原因体现在"
(xliii)more ancient标(xliv)准书面英语
V.连接词连接两个部分的对称性问题
and在画线部分中或画线部分的前面，and是一个解题点。
(xlv)形式上对称：名(xlvi)词对名(xlvii)词；分词对分词(现在分词不(xlviii)一定
要对现在分词，(xlix)要检验动作的发出者和承受者)
(l)强调含义上的对称：duty assignment对应the staffing of people
(li)平行对称结构：多个小分句之间要平行对称，(lii)在最后一个分句前补出and难
点：A)在肯定句时，补and；在否定时，补nor英语否定句的定义：句子出现no, not
时"Never……"是肯定句，表示否定的含义
B)非平行结构的误导题(如补充材料5：三个句子不能构成平行对称结构)
(liii)当前后两个问题对称时，
(liv)后半句的be动词可能被省略，
(lv)如to do and do something, to可以省略
如果发现一个选项有意省略‘to'或被动词时，则很有可能是正确答案对称结构的常考连
词：but……or
either…or…not only…but also…(also有时省略)
neither…nor…not…but…(优选结构)
from…to……as well as…
as…as……rather than…(如果前面有不定式的话，后面不定式往往被省略)
VII.虽然违反了Effectiveness有效性原则，但ETS把它当成Correctness来处理(lvi)
违反了"忠实原文的意思"
a)极端性修饰词的位置改变了: first, last, typical, typically, only you,
you only;
b)强烈语气表达要保持，如：
I don't know any……
Not unlike = like it very much
Whatever = no matter what…
Whenever = no matter when
c)句子的强调重心发生改变一定错！
d)把倒装句变成正常语序一定错！
(lvii)简洁原则：语义重复(lviii)一定错！注意(rise, raise, grow, roaring,
increase的使用而(lix)使语义重复(lx)的情况)
from…to…当中不能加up or down
opposition = againstorbit = aroundannually = a year
by the name of = be known aswith = include
EFFECTIVENESS
II.忠实原文的意思，除非从逻辑上发现原文意思一定要修改
(i)弱语气词的添加、丢失或位置发生改变(如just, even)，(ii)但不(iii)一定错
(iv)句子的强调重心发生了微弱改变，(v)但选项不(vi)一定错(如in 1980)
(vii)时态发生变化(GMAT中一般时态不(viii)能随意改变，(ix)除非有个明确的点提示
原文时态应当发生改变)
III.简洁原则
-实意名-词>动词>形容词>抽象名-词>分词动名-词>从句-存在该种错误，-并不-一定
错，-看是不-是两个选项中唯一的区别，-如support > be supportive of -半抽象名-
词，-即动词和名-词形式一样的名-词，-如result, help, cost, increase, bare优选动
词词性的选项-分词优于定语从句，-因为过去分词是定语从句的省略形式, that is
indicated = indicated
CORRECTNESS
I.宾语从句和定语从句
-that, which只能指-物
-who, whom只能指-人
-whose指-人或物
-宾语从句一定要有that; -定语从句用that和which有区别:
that限制性，紧跟被修饰名词后；which引导非限制性定语从句，前面必须是","或介词
II.even though, although > despite, in spite of
not…but…> …rather than…, instead of
B +介词+ A结构> AB结构，如Inability of French > French inability
形容词名词结构> 名词that is
同位语从句> 定语从句
III.GMAT中一定错的表达方式
-口语化表达：when you; if you; maybe < probably
-主观色彩的表达方式一定错: be to do, be going to, have to
-Similar to放在句首一定错，-无论是整句还是分句
-Enough在画线部分一定错！
-Concerning一定错！要用about, over
-Hopefully错！要用it is hoped
-Make comparison of错！要用compare
-With the intention to错！要用intend
-As is based错！要用based
-Be able to be done错！
-There be done错！
-Comparing，-basing错！只能用被动compared, based
-Doubled, tripled, quadrupled错！只能用主动
IV.整个前面一段话对后面的影响
正确选项：现在分词；
A中没出现的名词，概括前半句，并做后两句的主语
错误选项：to do something;
用which指代前面整个句子
VI.当表示一前一后的两个动词，要用‘and'连接；
分词做状语表伴随状态一定错！
Doing A, B do?
A do, doing B?
当一个动词是另一个动词的伴随状况而用and连接，一定错！
VII.形容词和副词的区别
a.形容词、副词转意：significant, significantly; fair, fairly
b.形容词修饰名c.词、副词修饰动词：closing quickly; pack clothes flat
d.形容词修饰名e.词、副词修饰形容词：seemingly permanent accommodation
VIII.分词的省略结构
介词+分词
连词+分词要求分词的逻辑主语与后句的主语一致
正确选项的给出：
Type A:保留分词省略结构，把后面主语换成正确的主语；
Type B:把分词结构名词化，分词逻辑主语没出现，故把分词结构名
词化
IX.表示A和B一样大或至少比B大
as…as…or greater than
at least as…as
at most as…as
as…as something, if not more so (此形式出现一定对)
X.Like和As的混合考法
Like (介词)+名词或名词短语
As (连词) +句子，助动词补出
Like A, B do (A, B必须是完全相同的结构)
XII.在GMAT中，有一类词强调动作、过程closing, varying, the rising of cost;
另一类词强调结果、状态closed, varied, the rising cost。在选项中优选结果、状态的
选项
XIV.固定搭配：high rate, low rate, prevalent; rate对应rate而非wage
New Oriental School Effectiveness (存在一个错，但不一定错；按严重性由大到小
排)
II.there be +抽象名词
III.情态动词的强加、丢失、改变
IV.介词、助动词尽量补充原则
V.定语从句和分词结构的就近修饰原则
VI.定语从句that的尽量省略原则
VII.代词指代要尽量地明确清晰
VIII.and连接两个句子时要尽量使用相同句式
when…when…; that…that…;
how…how…;
XI.三种关系的强加、丢失
1>if引导的条件关系从句
2>when引导的时间关系从句
3>because…因果关系
As的用法(P35 163)
Just as A do something, so B do…
Just as A do something, so too…
GMAT考三类
1>as, like的混合考：as作连词，
2>像…一样，
3>后面跟一个句子
4>as作介词，
5>as an adolescent; While being = as
6>as后面加从句，
7>as是连词，
8>当…的时候
As when she was a child…
也可以说as a child (as是介词)
70. In the most common procedure for harvesting forage crops such as alfalfa, as much as 20 percent of the leaf and small stem material, which is the most nutritious of all the parts of the plant, shattered and fell to the ground.
B) the most nutritious of all parts of the plant, shatter and fall
C)the parts of plant which were most nutritious, will shatter and fall
D)the most nutritious parts of the plant, shatters and falls
E) parts of the plant which are the most nutritious, have shattered and fallen
71. A time when为固定搭配
72. Just as reading Samuel Pepys's diary gives a student a sense of the seventeenth century-of its texture and psyche-(so Jane Fred’s guileless child narrator takes the operator) inside turn-of-the-century Vienna.
B) So listening to Jane Fred’s guileless child narrator takes the operator
D) listening to Jane Fred’s guileless child narrator takes the operator
73. Just as the various languages contributing to English broaden and enrich its expressive range with words as diverse as the Arabic Sinnoon, The Greek Zephyr, and the Native American Chinnok, (So the many musical traditions coexisting in U.S. culture create unlimited possibilities for the fusion of musical styles.)
74. As和Like的区别: like是介词,后跟名词,表比喻, 类似compare to; as是介词或连词,后跟名词或句子,表同类相比, 类似compare with, e.g. P186 10-6
Proponents of artificial intelligence say they will be able to make computers that can understand English and other human languages, recognize objects, and reason like an expert---computers that will be used for such purposes as diagnosing equipment breakdowns or deciding whether to authorize a loan.
According to a recent poll, owning and living in a freestanding house on its own land is still a goal of a majority of young adults, like that of earlier generations.
(A) like that of earlier generations
(B) as that for earlier generations
(C) just as earlier generations did
(D) as have earlier generations
(E) as it was of earlier generations
75. Even as = just as
76. GMAT语法常用词组
1. Agree that…
2. A fact that
3. Importance of
4. Conclusion of
5. Target at
6. Debate over sth.(w473)
7. Pls : a large sum of; quantities of
8. Make it xxx to do sth
9. Make sth sth (w484)
10. Look to sth to do sth (LZM P24/ w108))
11. View … as…(q147)
12. Proposal to do ,,,(w165)
13. A time when … ( age in which w205/Period during which / a period when (q211)/ the same year that…/the same year as noun… )(q174/w33/W217)
14. What are now temperate areas ( w205)
15. Over a period of a hundred years beginning in 1788 ( q220) ( wrong: 100 years, a period beginning … q220)
16. The same time as the civilization ( q80)
17. The same year as/that xxx is published (lzm 188)
18. Capable of ; ability to do ;capability to do
19. Responsible for
20. Permit sb to do ;permit (no sb) doing (w61)
21. Damage to
22. Will continue to
23. Merge with ( w172)
24. Resistance to (w341)
25. Help to do ( q179/q216); be helpful in doing
26. Be trained to help find ( q236)
27. Aid sb ( q221) (aid: verb)
28. Aid in doing sth ( W212; aid—noun)n n
29. In Attempt to
30. Have no ground for
31. Just as … so…
32. Discourage xxx from doing
33. Combine with(W426)
34. Forbid to do, forbid a strike by union
35. Demand that:
36. Expect news to be fair (w88)
37. X is expected to Y (q131)s
38. Believe x to be y (q228)
39. Estimated to be(Q14)
40. Using account of (q11)
41. Distinguish between a and b; distinguish a from b
42. Allergic to xxx
43. Attribute to xxx
44. Spring to life in a flash of inspiration (q22)
45. Number increased by 50% (q23)
46. Difficult to do
47. No less remarkable than the development of CD(q30)
48. Sb is disinclined to recognize that…(q31)
49. A method of protecting (q39)
50. Method of doing ( w461)
51. Call xxx to consider (q41)
52. Worry about / dispute over ( q42)
53. Known to orbit (q49)
54. Know as the solar wind ( q241)
55. Elect to retire rather than face (q55)
56. His courage is not unlike that of sb ( q51)
57. He is likely to be at server disadvantage ( q70)s
58. The rising cost ( q52)
59. The rising of moon ( q150)
60. There is no consensus on ( q53)
61. Are in danger of doing ( q63)
62. Consider a b
63. Think of a as b (q182)
64. More than a million others ( q59), more than doubled ( q72)
65. Take turn drawing ( q72)
66. She cite x as instance of Y ( q74)
67. The term “design” Suggest laying out corporate brochures(77), suggest that…
68. Some suggest reducing price to do (q160)
69. Suggest the penitentiary as reform (w438)
70. Propose that (q164)
71. Persuade sb to do ( q173)
72. In contrast to ( q82)
73. In contrast with …( w117)
74. Contrary to … (w417)
75. Unable to ( no potential at all, people only not refer to sth. Can not be used as: be able to be done); can not ( not now, but might could in future )
76. There is now one fore every 32 pupils, four time as many as there were 4 years ago ( four time modify ratio) – (89)
77. Three out of every four automobile … ( q252)
78. Allow sb to do/ have begun ( q90)
79. The amount of grain farmer will be allowed to grow (w278)
80. Seem to indicate that (q95)
81. Use a to do/use a as b ( wrong: use a to be b) – (q120/96)
82. Be used for the purpose such as … ( q189)
83. With intention of doing .. (w124)
84. Intended to do … (w124)
85. A is prized as game animal ( q97)
86. More closely integrated than ever (q98) ---
87. Prohibit xxx from doing (q100)
88. Amount to (q101)
89. Except for ( q102)
90. Where there are few services and little available water(Q107)
91. Require of sb that(W113) ; require that; (sth be required of sb (q181 )wrong: sb required of sth ?); require sb to do; (wrong: require of sb to do) – (q109)
92. Pay for job ( q109)
93. Income for family (q137)
94. Rates for ( charged q13)
95. Premium for auto insurance ( q232)
96. Cost of a to b in lost …= a cost b in lost … (q110)
97. Invest in (q111)
98. Research to do ( q111)
99. Claim to be able to/claim that (q120)
100. Sb is acclaimed as (9610-6)
101. Order a to do b ( q121) order that x do ( q218)
102. Rule that … (q130)/ restitution … for … ( q130)
103. Mandate that do (q145)… ( wrong: mandate a to do b)
104. Demand that xxx do ( wrong: demanding/demand it to ) ( q 142)
105. Wong: after when ( q124)
106. Comparison: like + noun / as + subordinate clause (q126) ( as + noun is not a comparison, as + subordinate clause is a comparison W131)
107. Substitute a for b (q127)
108. Their wine is priced to sell, and they do (q 129)
109. Equivalent/ equal ( modify uncountable); as many as ( modify countable) – ( q132)
110. Family in which only husband is employed(q137)
111. values are xxxx ( q140)
112. Accusing a doctor of malpractice (q146)
113. Wrong: lack of some other doctor (q146)
114. Wong: if + will ( Q146)
115. Mistake a for b ( q150)
116. Connection between ( q151)
117. Vast numbers of people ( q152)
118. More than 500 people that… more than the 500 people that ( Q154) !!
119. Dirt road cost as much twice to maintain as paved road do ( q156)
120. The rate of increase is nearly twice what it was in 1970 (w231)
121. Account for 5% of the world’s population, USA citizens ( q158)
122. Child under four years of age (q162)
123. 49% of household incomes are(q165)
124. a community where xxx ( q165)
125. not…but rather…(q166)
126. mere 3% of the cell’ dna ( q176)
127. wrong: xxx in their performing of job (q178)
128. we see them as they were during the formation ( q180)
129. keep it from doing ( q183)
130. lead to (q185)
131. 5% increase in delay ( wrong: 5% more delay) (q185)
132. occurred when they were children (q1)/ died in child hood (q188) (wrong: died as child)
133. xxx is in the rise of a and in the victory of b ( q190)
134. one of whom is blind ( q194)
135. the only one of 48 states where there is … and where… ( q225)
136. target at (q195); aim at /policy aimed at doing ( q212)
137. the aim of xxx is to do (w385)
138. rules that aim to do… (469)
139. power enabling it to withdraw from public ( q222) – (wrong: power for it to withdraw…)
140. supply for campaign ( q198)
141. since --- have done ; from --- to --- did (q202)
142. partly to do … partly because ( q204)
143. spawned by … and extending for … ( q210)
144. what is much more difficult to determine is … (Q211)
145. the term refer to someone who is ( q214)
146. doing so would xxx (q215)
147. rivalry between x and y/rivals x and y ( q217) (wrong: rivalry x against y)
148. a rival b for sth (w307)
149. cost associated with a is prohibitive ( q219/w368))
150. who major in such areas as finance ( q223)
151. is isolated from contact with ( q224)
152. credit art with having = give credit to art for having ( q226)
153. liken it to putting … ( q229)
154. too long to be registered by eye ( wrong: too long to for xxx to register IT); too difficult to read, (wrong: too difficult to read IT) ( q234)
155. interaction of two star ( q237)
156. interaction of a and b
157. propose a 17% reduction in the amount allocated last year ( q247)
158. musicians, including a and b, whose… (q249)
159. more bird/ numbers are 5 times greater than … ( wrong: numbers are 5 times more than) ( q251)
160. blame on (q253)
161. is determined by ( q257)
162. sth be fault for … ( q258)
163. sb be at fault for doing … (9610-3)
164. Zzz is not the fault of sb ( pr test 3 q25)
165. note that… as (q258)
166. bring to 34 the number of birds (q259)
167. decrease to the lowest level in two years ( q260)
168. born in china, a became Japanese in 1982 (q261)
169. baby is born to a mother (w177)
170. born into an chinese community (w224)
171. as a result of destruction ( q263)
172. a consequence of sitting too close to engine (w348)
173. call a to b using xxx (wrong: by the use of xxx)
174. alternative to ( pr test 1 q21)
175. It has diffiulty reading ( pr test 2 q11)
176. Has strong ground for opposing of that proposal … (pr test 2 q21)
177. Any thing that has been… ( w55)
178. It is hoped ( wrong: hopefully w58)
179. The ways in which they related to each other ( w75)
180. Dose not read like … ( wrong read unlike…. W76)
181. Possibility/Likelihood that … (w96)
182. Possibility of doing (w171)
183. Decedent of a single female … (w100)
184. Model after ( w102)
185. Replacement of steel by such material as … (w114)
186. Expressed fear that…. (w145)/ lowering of fear about inflation ( q201)
187. (whole) none of…; (part) not all of … ( wrong: all…not w151)
188. pack it flat ( it is flat)/ pack it flatly ( packet flatly W78)
189. each with its own executive ( w156)
190. the three major networks each broadcast ( w158)
191. are unequally distributed between rich and poor (w168)
192. so as to do … ( wrong so as to be done w179)
193. paper of all kinds is …. ( w220)
194. can be programmed to think like people (w242, wrong: think as people can)
195. even as …. (w267) ( mean :just as…, not mean although…)
196. China has one of the five highest numbers of reported case of ..(w304)
197. Perceive as …(w308)
198. Tell apart (w324)
199. In deciding at its founding in 1883 to accept … ( 9603-13)
200. Be worthwhile to try (w355)
201. appear to have made a long awaited recovery (W382)
202. one …. The other ( w404)
203. emerge in other procedures (w409)
204. be crucial in doing (W411)
205. a produce goods worth as much as those of b (w419)
206. either are now …. Or will be so within a few year… ( w420: wrong: either now or within a few years will be…)
207. phenomenon in which (w427)
208. a dose more than merely summarize existing research… ( w447)
209. assure sb of sth ( w458)
210. not … nor… (w460)
211. by supporting (w462)
77. Distinguish between A and B 区分A和B; A feature distinguishes A from B 某特征使A区别于B
78. Number can not be more than another number; it can only be greater than another number
79. 比较前后的结构要相同,后面可省略,但不能”多”于前面
80. Like用法 P204
81. 注意在P209 11-28中compared with在分句中同主句的比较.同时it
82. For all = in spite of
83. So…as to主句主语与结果状语的主语要一致.P237-78, P238-80
84. Capability for doing sth. capability of (in) doing sth.
85. 限定性从句P260 12-31, that后的部分限定了that前面的名词,意思是那些…(后面部分)的XXX(前面)
86. 再次强调现在分词表示连续发生,正在进行,伴随,主动和结果. 过去分词表完成,被动.
87. Although the Supreme Court ruled as long ago as 1880 that Blacks could not be excluded outright from jury service, nearly a century of case-by-case adjudication has been necessary to develop and enforce the principle that all Juries must be drawn from “a fair cross section of the community.”
(A) has been necessary to develop and enforce the principle that all Juries must be
(B) was necessary for developing and enforcing the principle of all juries being
(C) was to be necessary in developing and enforcing the principle of all juries to be
(D) is necessary to develop and enforce the principle that all juries must be
(E) will be necessary for developing and enforcing the principle that all juries being
88. The first balloon passengers were a sheep, a duck, and a rooster that were ascended from Versailles, France, in a basket beneath a hot-air balloon in September 1783.
(A) The first balloon passengers were a sheep, a duck, and a rooster that were ascended
(B) The first balloon passengers were a sheep, a duck, and a rooster that ascended
(C) A sheep, a duck, and a rooster were the first balloon passengers that ascended
(D) A sheep, a duck, and a rooster that were the first balloon passengers to ascend
(E) A sheep, a duck, and a rooster were the first balloon passengers ascending
89. Considering prep. 鉴于 主句中主语无须和considering match, 因为considering在这里不是动词
90.
91. Reading Comprehension
1. Trigger Words: signal modifying or qualifying the previous argument
a) But
b) Although (even though)
c) However
d) Yet
e) Despite (in spite of)
f) Nevertheless conj. 尽管如此; 仍然; adv. 仍然, 还是
g) Nonetheless 同上
h) Notwithstanding prep. 尽管, 虽然; adv. 尽管, 还是; conj. 虽然, 尽管
i) Except
j) While
k) Unless
l) On the other hand
2. Continue-the-same-thought Words: no contradiction to prior argument or viewpoint
a) In addition
b) By the same token
c) Likewise
d) Similarly
e) This (implies a reference to a preceding sentence)
f) Thus (implies a conclusion)
3. Yin-Yang Words: contrast two opposing viewpoints
Yin Yang
Traditional Now
Until recently Now
Before After
Generally However, this time…
The old view The new view
The widespread belief But the in-crowd believes
Most scientists think But Doctor XXX thinks
On the other hand On the other hand
4. Indisputable answers, which are general and vague, are always the correct ones.
a) Words that indicate a indisputable answer: usually, sometimes, may, can, some, most
b) Words that indicate disputable answer: always, must, everybody, all, complete, never
5. Respect for professionals (doctors, scientists, economists, writers and artists)
6. ETS does not take strong position about anything. Moderate emotion, such as “slightly critical” rather than “scornful or envious”, “admiring” rather than “overly enthusiastic” Never go too far in an answer!
7. Qualify vt. 限制, 缓和 =limit
8. GMAT passages virtually never “resolve” anything.
9. Differential adj. 恭敬的, 谦让的
10. Infer as little as possible in Inference questions. Find the facts.
11. Bolster vt. 支持
12. Approbation: 认同
13. commend: 赞赏, 推荐
14. Appreciate:
Critical Reasoning
In the passage, there are three parts: the Conclusion, the Premises, and the Assumptions
Types of Questions
1. What is the conclusion in the passage
a) Conclusions are supported by all the evidence in the passage
b) The conclusion should not be a restatement of a sentence from the passage
c) Be aware of answers that go beyond the SCOPE
2. What conclusion is best supported by the passage
3. The passage assumes that…--find a flaw to fix
a) Any alternative cause?
b) If two objects are analogous
c) If statistics are representative
d)  ay attention to jump from one term to another
4. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the conclusion drawn above
a) Answers contain new information. Answer choice from the passage is wrong.
b) The answer always fills the gaps of logic in the passage.
5. Which of the following, if true, would most serious weaken the passage
a) The answers always turn on the gaps in the logic. Find alternatives and ask if the statistics are representative.
6. Which of the following can be best inferred from the passage
7. Which of the following most resembles the method used by the author to make the point
a) Simply the argument and reasoning, such A->B then Not B->not A
8. Which of the following best resolves the apparent contradiction in the passage
Scope of the argument
1. ay attention to the concepts and terms used in the passage. Those, which do not apprear in the passage, might be unrelated or unexplained.
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