11月的机经请跟此贴!!!!

linda05312

非常感谢!!!

ntupky

深表謝意!

cccccccc

回jjyyww11：
我都考完了还让我找文章太残忍了吧？呵呵，其实google一下piaget和infant你就会
发现有这方面的文章的，其实最重要的是要先明白piaget方法的原理和优势，这些
在文章中都很容易找到。明白这个，那个听力就很简单了。因为它本身也是通过
例子来介绍piaget方法的。

jjyyww11

cccccccc妹妹, 别卖关子啰...
你就跟大家讲解一下"piaget方法的原理和优势",不就可以了吗!!!
不好意思, 我的英语很烂,看到英语单词就头大,5555555555

semifeng

关于piaget
Jean Piaget began his career as a biologist -- specifically, a malacologist!  But his interest in science and the history of science soon overtook his interest in snails and clams.  As he delved deeper into the thought-processes of doing science, he became interested in the nature of thought itself, especially in the development of thinking.  Finding relatively little work done in the area, he had the opportunity to give it a label.  He called it genetic epistemology, meaning the study of the development of knowledge.

He noticed, for example, that even infants have certain skills in regard to objects in their environment.  These skills were certainly simple ones, sensori-motor skills, but they directed the way in which the infant explored his or her environment and so how they gained more knowledge of the world and more sophisticated exploratory skills.  These skills he called schemas.

For example, an infant knows how to grab his favorite rattle and thrust it into his mouth.  Heís got that schema down pat.  When he comes across some other object -- say daddyís expensive watch, he easily learns to transfer his ìgrab and thrustî schema to the new object.  This Piaget called assimilation, specifically assimilating a new object into an old schema.

When our infant comes across another object again -- say a beach ball -- he will try his old schema of grab and thrust.  This of course works poorly with the new object.  So the schema will adapt to the new object:  erhaps, in this example, ìsqueeze and droolî would be an appropriate title for the new schema.  This is called accommodation, specifically accomodating an old schema to a new object.

Assimilation and accommodation are the two sides of adaptation, Piagetís term for what most of us would call learning.  iaget saw adaptation, however, as a good deal broader than the kind of learning that Behaviorists in the US were talking about.  He saw it as a fundamentally biological process.  Even oneís grip has to accommodate to a stone, while clay is assimilated into our grip.  All living things adapt, even without a nervous system or brain.

drexlinx

thanks!

semifeng

几个单词：关于理论
schema:婴儿的“方法”
assimilation: 对新物体用旧方法
accommodation: 改进旧方法，是指适应新物体
注意：piaget认为，adapt是基本生物过程，即使没有神经和大脑也会这样的。
piaget提出认知发展阶段的概念，据说听重要的。(stages of cognative development)
(1) The sensorimotor stage ,
     1-4month,重复阶段，重复做某见他喜欢的事，
     4-12month,开始扩展他的行为，直到他喜欢。develop object permanence，（就是直到看不见的东西不是没有了。）比这个阶段小，那么schema是ut of sight, out of mind.大的infant，知道开始找那些看不见的东西
     12-24month,开始调皮了，因为开始不断的创造他觉得好玩的食物。包括吃饭扔叉子
(2) Preoperational stage: 2-7 years old, 开始使用symbol表达;有时间观念;egocentric during this stage; 看事物只能看一方面。
(3) Concrete operations stage 7-11 years old.逻辑使用symbol.(与前一个阶段对比，他们对于数量的概念不会受食物的形态影响，然而preoperational的infant会觉得散开的5个棋子要比放在一起的5个棋子更多。和这个有关的一个给大人的问题：Which is heavier:  steel(1 ton), or feathers(1 ton)? )

Formal operations stage 12-...years old.  become increasingly competent at adult-style thinking

liangxt

时间：2003-11-7
地点：美国
题型：30-25-55
得分：220-280, 28，10-28，28
听力：不好意思，对话不记得了，不过不难，仔细听就没问题了。个人感觉两个人多说几句的容易懂，讨厌的是两个人都说了一小句，还没反映过来呢，就没了。不过，排除法还是很有用的，一般至少可以去掉两个极其荒谬的选项。时间很充裕，不太确定的多分析分析，我做完最后一题还剩6分多钟呢，可惜不能回去检查。L
段子：
1．课堂讨论月亮的成因：1）和地球差不多同时由宇宙尘埃构成。不对，因为月亮上铁含量比地球低很多。2）分别形成，月亮路过时被地球捕获。不对，因为什么掠过速度太快，地球重力没那么强什么的，注意听，有题问为什么不对，我选的是地球重力没那么强，还有一个选项是如果那样的话，地球应该不止抓到一个。不太sure。3）其他大块石头撞到地球，撞出来的碎末末形成了月亮。这解释了为什么铁含量不同，因为地球的铁主要在地核里。
2．食物链。有两张图，基本就是些初中生物知识，靠常识应该可以搞定。
3．Jazz在2、30年代的普及，和收音机的普及相辅相成。还提到了Beetles，问为什么提到他们，我选了类比那时的bandleader的popularity.

语法：我心中永远的痛，怎么都提高不了。觉得好些都很不好判断，根本没有那种一眼就看出来的，时间也很紧张，我紧赶慢赶刚刚好做完。大家千万不可掉以轻心啊。

阅读：时间不成问题，我完完整整做了两遍，每一题都回文中找出处，最后还剩十几分钟，所以大家不用十分担心阅读速度的问题。可郁闷的是,感觉每道题都挺有把握的,不知为什么最后还是只有28分。
1．    用photograph测light curve。好处什么的。发现了冥王星，前人有机经。
2．    Chicago公共交通工具的变迁。马车有什么不好，污染环境。但和现在的汽车污染不同，有题，这就是答案。locomotives有什么不好，噪音啊，容易引起火灾啊，不能频繁停车啊，有题。
3．    北美殖民时期的房屋建筑受什么的影响。1）从英国带过来的：2）地域差异，北边人健康，南边人易病，有题，答案是健康差异。
4．    解释人类行为的几种理论：1）instict， 20年代被drives的理论取代，有题，这就是答案。 2)drives，不能完全解释，另一道题的答案。3)social needs
5．    镶拼小花被子的流行。每人交一块，拼起来送人，新娘啊，老师啊什么的。每块上都有签名，男人用ink，女人用绣的，有题。最后说也有的小被子是一个人做的，通过什么可以鉴别，比如没有签名，风格统一，有题，文中选句子，就是这句。

作文：时间很紧张，建议大家多练练打字速度。
173) When people move to another country, some of them decide to follow the customs of the new country. Others prefer to keep their own customs.  Compare these two choices. Which one do you prefer? Support your answer  with specific details  
当人们移居到另外一个国家时候，有些人决定入乡随俗，另外有些人则保持自己的风俗，比
较这两种选择。你喜欢哪个？

tngrape116

thanks a lot !!!

semifeng

关于old crocodile fossil:
In a major discovery, a team of Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP)
has discovered 65 million years old fossils of Crocodile in Vitakri area,
some 310 km off here, GSP officials confided to The News here on Wednesday.

The specimen collected to date includes a well-preserved rostrum of a new
genus and species named as "Pabwehshi Pakistanensis". The fossils are an
anterior portion of left and right mandibular rostrum preserving the upper
and lower teeth in place, said Asif Rana, Curator, Museum of Historical
Geology of GSP to this correspondent.

Disclosing the new discovery of crocodile fossils, Asif Rana said the fossil
horizon occurs in the upper part of the Pab formation and provides the first
diagnostic remains of Cretaceous Crocodyliform from the Indian subcontinent.

He said the fossils were believed to be 65 to 70 million years old and
provide important information for assessing bio-geographic history of the
region. He disclosed that the Pabwehshi Pakistanensis was closely related to
a group previously known only from Argentina.

This species "Baurusuchidae" has not yet been discovered on other Gondawana
land mass. He elaborated the plate tectonics theory that Indo-Pak was
initially interlocked with the Gondawana land mass of Africa, Antarctica,
Australia and Madagascar early in the Mesozoic era, some 200 million years
ago. It drifted northward during the Cretaceous period to collide with
Laurasian land mass during the Cenozoic era. This collision resulted in the
emergence of Himalaya-Karakorum-Hindu Kush mountain ranges. The new fossil
discovery is relevant in the reconstruction of the paleo-geographic history
of the Indo-Pak subcontinent, he said.

He said this discovery strengthens the hypothesis that a land connection
might have existed between Indo-Pakistan sub-continental and South American
plates. About the discoveries of GSP, Asif Rana said that Pakistani
geologists had recently unearthed 2,700 fossilised bones of a new slender
limbed Titanosaurus dinosaur from the same locality in the same formation of
sedimentary rocks.

The GSP researchers have also discovered a 47 million years old walking
whale from Balochistan. The fossils of the largest land mammal
"Baluchitherium" discovered by GSP's palaeontologists in 1985 from Dera
Bugti are also on display in the GSP's Museum of Historical Geology at
Quetta, he said. He said that these discoveries of dinosaurs, walking whale
and super crocodile had provided a wonderful opportunity for people of all
ages to learn about the past.