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[阅读小分队] 揽瓜阁阅读做题小分队 第78天 monopoly与相似经济体的异同

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发表于 2021-6-16 13:55:31 | 只看该作者 回帖奖励 |倒序浏览 |阅读模式

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A monopoly exists when a specific person or enterprise is the only supplier of a particular commodity (this contrasts with a monopsony which relates to a single entity's control of a market to purchase a good or service, and with an oligopoly which consists of a few entities dominating an industry). Monopolies are thus characterized by a lack of economic competition to produce the good or service and a lack of viable substitute goods. The verb "monopolize" refers to the process by which a company gains the ability to raise prices or exclude competitors. In economics, a monopoly is a single seller. In law, a monopoly is a business entity that has significant market power, that is, the power to charge high prices. Although monopolies may be big businesses, size is not a characteristic of a monopoly. A small business may still have the power to raise prices in a small industry.

A monopoly is distinguished from a monopsony, in which there is only one buyer of a product or service; a monopoly may also have monopsony control of a sector of a market. Likewise, a monopoly should be distinguished from a cartel (a form of oligopoly), in which several providers act together to coordinate services, prices or sale of goods. Monopolies, monopsonies and oligopolies are all situations such that one or a few of the entities have market power and therefore interact with their customers (monopoly), suppliers (monopsony) and the other companies (oligopoly) in ways that leave market interactions distorted.

Monopolies can be established by a government, form naturally, or form by integration. In many jurisdictions, competition laws restrict monopolies. Holding a dominant position or a monopoly of a market is often not illegal in itself. However certain categories of behavior can be considered abusive and therefore incur legal sanctions when a business is dominant. A government-granted monopoly or legal monopoly, by contrast, is sanctioned by the state, often to provide an incentive to invest in a risky venture or enrich a domestic interest group. Patents, copyright, and trademarks are sometimes used as examples of government granted monopolies. The government may also reserve the venture for itself, thus forming a government monopoly.



1- What is the primary purpose of the second paragraph in the passage:
A- To highlight the differences between monopolies and monopsonies and oligopolies.
B- To suggest that monopolies, monopsonies, and oligopolies are very similar.
C- To note some distinctions between and shared characteristics of monopolies and several other similar economic constructs.
D- To help the reader understand when monopolies are illegal and when they are not.
E- To explain what a monopoly is and what distinguishes it from other businesses.


2- According to the passage, which of the following situations would most likely constitute a monopsony, but NOT a monopoly (as defined in the legal sense)?
A- A large computer manufacturing company in this country has several major competitors, but only uses one supplier for its chips and other hardware components.
B- The largest discount department chain in this country has the lowest retail prices in the market, but makes a profit by controlling the suppliers and dictating the prices it pays for the goods it sells.
C- The three largest grocery store chains control the market and collude to keep prices high, but struggle to keep their purchase price for foodstuffs low.
D- The largest airline in the country merges with the second largest airline, allowing it to control a majority of domestic routes and charge higher prices for its flights; simultaneously, it is able to control the purchase prices of planes from the two major aircraft manufacturers.
E- The largest orange juice manufacturer in the country has a complete control on retail prices and has driven up prices by 50% in the past two years; it has simultaneously controlled orange growers and pushed down the prices it pays by over 25% in the same time period.

3- Which of the following can be properly inferred from the passage above?
A- Monopolies that develop through a patent or trademark are rarely illegal.
B- A monopoly could never also be considered a monopsony.
C- Most monopolies are considered illegal and incur government sanctions.
D- A business that is considered a monopoly in an economic sense might not be considered one in a legal sense.
E- A monopoly is distinguished from an oligopoly (or cartel) by the degree of influence over the market.

参考答案:
CBD

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沙发
发表于 2021-6-16 16:19:59 | 只看该作者
CAC  正答CBD题2. monology是指a single seller, or charge high prices; 对比monopsony指a single buyer一个采购者,所以suppliers没有议价权,多低钱收都得卖
题3.考察范围修饰

A选项rarely很少,取反是most;但原文是sometimes
Patents, copyright, and trademarks are sometimes used as examples of government granted monopolies.
B选项 向产业链上/下游可以同时垄断
C选项 mostly,但原文是many
In many jurisdictions, competition laws restrict monopolies...However certain categories...
D选项might not用词很有余地。原文说in economics和in law的定义不同,所以可能两个区间有不重叠的
E选项 数量不同
板凳
发表于 2021-6-16 17:12:30 | 只看该作者
Mark一下!               
地板
发表于 2021-6-16 17:59:13 发自 iPhone | 只看该作者
CED
5#
发表于 2021-6-16 19:05:23 | 只看该作者
CAD
6#
发表于 2021-6-16 21:06:07 | 只看该作者
cad
7#
发表于 2021-6-16 21:58:59 | 只看该作者
Mark一下!               
8#
发表于 2021-6-16 22:21:35 | 只看该作者
文章结构
第一段:介绍monopoly的定义特点和性质,主要作用是识别monopoly
介绍monopoly的定义:exists when…
Monopoly的特征 :supplier,specific person or enterprise,缺少竞争对手,缺少替代品
Monopoly进行monopolize的process:提升价格+驱逐竞争者
对比在经济学和法律中的定义区别
最后一句被前一句分开了,说事业的大小不是区分monopoly的特点

第二段:介绍三个名词的不同点和相同点
        描述monopoly与monopsony和oligopoly的区别:is distinguished from a monopsony/ a cartel…
        描述monopoly与monopsony和oligopoly的共同点:are all situations such that….

第三段:单独展开monopoly,解释何时违法,何时不违法,不违法的时候有什么情况
        说明垄断在何时被认为是滥用,需要被制裁(但并不违法);何时是被允许的+被允许的作用
        以及说明了政府是如何创造出gov granted monopolies和government monopoly的
C(纠结E))AD
9#
发表于 2021-6-17 09:14:48 | 只看该作者
1. mpl是只有一个seller,在经济中和法律中定义不太一样,同时mpl和公司大小无关
2. mpl区别于mps和opl,mps是只有一个buyer,opl是几个seller联合起来决定市场;这三个也有相同点,就是一个或者少数个体拥有市场决定权
3. mpl在竞争法中是不合法的,但并不是拥有dominant position这件事就是不合法的,少数情况下政府会特许mpl,比如trademarks和patents,鼓励风险投资
CBD
10#
发表于 2021-6-17 11:57:16 | 只看该作者
cbd
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