揽瓜阁做题小分队 第14天 健康保险之逆向选择

小白斩鸡

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To remain financially sound, health insurance companies must charge higher rates to insure people considered a higher risk. Lacking complete information about individuals, insurers are forced to set a standard rate, based on the average risk of the group, for a particular segment of the population. Consumers in poor health are willing to pay for the insurance, knowing that it will cover their higher-than-average health-care costs. In contrast, healthy consumers often decide to forgo the insurance, reasoning that it is less expensive to pay out-of-pocket for their lower-than-average health-care costs. The result, called “adverse selection,” is that the riskier members of a group will comprise the group of insurance applicants, potentially leading to a market failure in which insurance companies cannot afford to offer insurance at any price. Among people over age sixty-five, even the wealthy can have difficulty obtaining fairly priced medical insurance, simply because of their age.

However, those who blame so-called insurance company greed and discrimination against the elderly are ignoring the reality of adverse selection. Younger people generally obtain health insurance through their employers’ group insurance plan. Employer’s plans obligate all employees to enroll in the plan and effectively pre-screen for general health, as a minimum health level is required to hold a job. Insurance companies can therefore charge a lower premium, based on the lower average risk of the employee pool, without worrying that healthy employees will opt out of the plan. Consumers over sixty-five, typically not employed and thus seeking insurance individually, are necessarily more vulnerable to market failure stemming from adverse selection.

1. It can be inferred from the passage that unemployed people
A· always pay higher health insurance premiums than employed people
B· cannot purchase health insurance
C· are not as healthy, on average, as employed people
D· opt out of the workforce for health reasons
E· must work in order to acquire health insurance

2. The author refers to “greed and discrimination” in the second paragraph of the passage in order to
A· provide an example of the way some consumers are treated unfairly
B· explain how medical insurance pricing decisions are justified
C· accuse employers of failing to solve the problem of adverse selection
D· identify causes of adverse selection
E· identify an alternate explanation that the author disputes

3. The primary purpose of the passage is to
A· advocate for change on behalf of consumers
B· explain why a market failure occurs
C· introduce recently discovered information
D· challenge a widely accepted explanation
E· argue that a situation is morally wrong

4. Which of the following best describes the function of the first paragraph within the passage as a whole?
A· It states an opinion that is supported elsewhere in the passage.
B· It outlines a process that is critiqued elsewhere in the passage.
C· It advances an argument that is disputed elsewhere in the passage.
D· It introduces conflicting arguments that are reconciled elsewhere in the passage.
E· It defines a problem that is cited elsewhere in the passage.

5. The passage states which of the following about the cost of health-care?
A· It is generally higher for people with poor health.
B· It is generally higher for full-time workers.
C· It is not fairly priced in the current market.
D· It has been rising in recent years.
E· It will soon be too high for younger workers to afford.

参考答案，做完才看 ：）

CEBEA

N0ire

10min
主旨：健康保险定价受“反向选择”影响导致价格差异巨大
P1: （一个观点）保险公司对于健康险的定价受到“反向选择”的影响：低风险人群不愿意买保险，高风险人群愿意买保险但是赔付率太高了，保险公司的财务风险过高，进而导致高风险人群的保险价格高到负担不起；
P2: （介绍相反观点并反驳）有人指责保险公司贪婪且价格歧视，但他们忽略了“反向选择的影响”，年轻人通过雇主以低价购买强制的健康保险，因为正常工作被视为基本的健康水平，而65+的老年人已经不再工作（不再享有保险），所以需要自行选择是否购买“反向选择”造成的高价健康保险。

CEBAA

半日大哥

AEDEA
用时7分钟
文章结构
1. 保险公司需要针对不同risk的人制定不同的费率。健康的人往往不买保险，因为付现金可能更便宜。但这样可能导致市场崩溃。
2. 人们认为保险公司是处于贪婪才对于年长者收费更高。 作者认为是因为Adverse Selection 的问题。 公司往往强制员工加入保险计划。而保险公司给这样公司的收费往往很低。
3. 65岁以上的失业者更脆弱

Playgirl130

P1：保险业存在一种现象：一般患疾病的风险更高的人，收的保费较高。这是因为保费测算一般是拿标准体进行测算的。部分患病风险高的人，他们能接受这种更高的保费；而很多标准体反倒不愿意支付这种保费。这就存在一种“逆向选择”。
P2：很多人觉得年老的人需要交更多的保费是一种歧视，实际上这是逆向选择。因为年轻的人一般都有公司交的保险。这种公司团险降低了人均保费，并且包含了很多标准体，所以对于保险公司来说风险也平摊掉了一部分。

我选：AEDEA

HHHHRane

CEBAC

第一段：保险公司通常是对高风险投保人制定高价格的保险费用来保证资金健康。但是由于缺乏对每个个体的充分了解，保险公司只能通过一个群体的平均值来设置投保标准，而造成了一个现象：不健康的人更愿意买保险，由于赔付标准相比而言更高；而更健康的人则愿意用现金来支付医疗费用，认为这种方式更便宜。
这样的情况导致了“反向选择”让保险公司入不敷出而市场失败。而年纪在65周岁以上的老人更是仅仅因为年龄问题而面临选择公平投保的困难。

第二段：承接第一段接着讲，那些认为保险公司贪婪和歧视高龄投保人的人们忽视了“反向选择”。举了公司给员工投保的例子，来说明其实高龄投保人对保险公司的市场失败比起“反向选择”而言是没那么重要的。

Sibaiyuan

4''
CEBEA

123Better

AEDEA

狒狒小姐

ADBCC

_Salaxy_

P1:保险公司向更高风险的承包人收取更高额保费。指出保险业存在反向选择现象和其导致的保险公司难以支付保费的市场偏差。超过65岁的人即使富有也难以获得相对合理的医疗保费。
P2:然而单纯指责保险公司贪婪歧视的人往往忽视了反向选择的想象。年轻人普遍通过公司保险计划获得健康保险，保险公司基于员工池的平均较低风险可以给出较低的险费。但超过65岁的人通常退休而因此自付保费，因此会进入反向选择机制其利益更易收到市场偏差的损害。
CEBEC

Claire薇荇

文章短但是感觉到题目到处是坑，防不胜防估计。。。。
health insurance companies need to charge higher rates to remain financially sound and avoid adverse selection - how does adverse selection affect people above 65 yrs.