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The search for ET may soon yield an answer
主旨大意:寻找外星生命的最终结果和将产生什么影响
段落大意:
1:概括自然哲学的主要问题:是否有地外生命
2-3:问题的哲学性的原因:1》grand sweep: 有的话人类是否遇到;没的话地球是很幸运的
2》很少证据能回答:因此可以产生各种理论
4-7:寻找外星生命产生的影响1:data改变;不同机器用来大范围寻找外星生命;找其他恒心的化学物质。
影响2:找到外星生物迹象会震动人类。
影响3:距离很远就发信号,距离很近会让人类开始flurry of action,让人们可以探寻人类起源
影响4:找不到说明地球很特别
8:补充影响4:宇航员发现新的物种爆发的解释,若没有外星人则说明地球很特别。
重点句:
A few adventurous scientists might suggest using a radio telescope to beam a message, in the hope that, if anything intelligent lives there, it will, decades later, send a reply.
A jewel is all the more valuable for being rare.
If there is not—if all the uncountable stars in creation waste their light on sterile, lifeless worlds—then life on Earth must be the result of a stroke of the most astronomically improbable good luck.
词汇:
Sterile adj. 不育的;无菌的;贫瘠的;不毛的;枯燥乏味的
Paucity n. 缺乏;少数;少量
Regolith n. [地质] 风化层;表皮土;土被
Arid adj. 干旱的;不毛的,[农] 荒芜的
momentous重大的
upend颠倒
Albeit=although尽管
总时间:45min(5min阅读+40min总结)
Social learning in animals is said to occur when direct or indirect
主旨:讨论social learning的作用并对比不同的实验来验证social learning的有效性
段落主旨:
1. 背景介绍:什么是social learning 并举例。
2. 对比实验结论:1》哺乳动物的social learning促进它们分辨食物。如红翼黑鸟、家养鹦鹉。
2》怀疑:nas产生的实验结果不一致,这结论不能解释non-avian 物种
3. 针对怀疑的反驳:
1》家养hens的研究
2》Sherwin:nas产生实验结果不一致是因为nas进化产生的限制。
相关实验:家养hens实验。
重点句:
Sherwin’s research team speculated that ecological or social constraints during the evolution of this species might have resulted in there being little benefit from the social learning of unpalatability, for instance, selective pressures for this mode of learning would be reduced if the birds rarely encountered noxious or toxic food or rarely interacted after eating such food, or if the consequences of ingestion were minimal.
词汇
Aversion反感
vigorous精力充沛的
unpalatability不适口性
总时间:40min(3min阅读+35min总结)
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