RON-CS笔记自用4-base on ,due to, including, appositive modifier

shanshancai

1/*based on ---, subj+verb(based on modify subj)*subj+verb+obj based on (based on modify obj)
*noun is based on( based on modify noun)

2/due to
the rule is the same as "based on".
*i have to stay up all night due to the presentation that i must finish

two ways eo process "due to"
1)same as based on
2) due to = caused by (be able to make the substitution)

* the observation deck at the top of the tower was closed due to the construction(no noun next to due to; substituition: the deck was closed caused by construction)
*due to the traffic jam, i was two hours late


due to v.s. because of
1)due to modify a noun
*i saw a traffic jam due to an overturn trunk(due to modify traffic jam)
2)becasude of modifies an entire clause
*i was late to the meetig because of the traffic( because of the traffic modifies i was late to the meeting)


3/ including


how  comma+including is used:
*it modifies the preceding noun( look like  comma+ing , but comma+ing modifies the whole clause)
*it should give a list of some, but not all of that noun
e.g. the gym teacher asked us to do three body-weight exercise, including sit-ups.push-ups, and chin-ups


4/ appositive modifier( comma+noun+modifier )可同时修饰noun/ a whole clause
i went to the bar with Mr. smith, a consultant from Fresno
i went to the bar with Mr.Smith, an outing that was far more fun than staying at home
* if the appostive is concrete(sth you can touch or smell..), it must modify the precede noun.
* if the appositive is abstract, it can modify the whole idea of the preceding clause); but the preceding noun is alse an abstraction, then these can also modify the preceding noun
on sunday our company will hold its annual field day, an outing....

Sunruaruaaa

Thanks!

Nora小碗

我找到的关于同位语从句说的最清楚的一个帖子啦！多谢楼主！