Avantasia－OG10th 考点完全归纳

Avantasia

十、定语从句

1.   定语从句的先行词与后面从句中的名词应该上升到词于词的层面去考虑.

Eg. Have residents that take on different duties such as defending the entrance, acting as a sentinel sounding…

但是注意, 主谓宾间无固定的单复, eg. We’re a team.; 但是名词的对应相对复杂, 不要作为判断的依据.

2.   限定性定语从句是部分指代, 形容词或介词短语后置也是做部分的限定, 作用相同, 因此从句如果把that/ who+be去掉后改用adj+N或者OG2C那样N+后置介宾, 那用从句就是wordy, 同理OG238B; 但是如果后面的形容词修饰成份很长, 尤其是掺杂了比较, 则用从句可以更清晰, GWD4-3就是这样的例子, 把后置的形容词放在前面歧义, 放在后面则可以变从句, 同理OG253B; 如果是进行式或者是含有被动语态的定语从句, 可以不变, 例如OG6A, 解释没有指出是wordy, 但是OG237D, OG明确说明了可以直接定后简化, 作为最后判断的依据, OG154A中也是没有变换, 这里是被动语态, 尤其是当加入强制指代的时候, OG109A; 如果含有情态动词的话就只能用定从的形式，因为无法在不改变原意的前提下简化, OG8. visible equipment, that must be tured on and off; 另外As引导的带有进行时的从句后置可以化成前置分词, 简洁, OG150D.

3.   做定语从句宾语先行词的that可以省略, 但不是一定的, 关键还是看是否会产生歧义OG243中those human是会产生歧义的, 但是OG9的one that they就肯定是多余了.

4.    定语从句起解释限定的作用, 表从属关系, 与陈述句语意重心不同, 这种重心的感觉不可以迷信A, 根据句子的强调意思来, “outnumbering”那题则表达”超过”.

Eg. Gall’s hypothesis+

1of different functions that are localized in different parts of the brain is widely accepted.

2that different function are localized in different parts of the brain is widely accepted.

对比可发现, 一句没有表达完全二句的意思, 将一句的that部分挡住不看, 无原意.

同理OG99E是一个反面的例子:

1impacts may cause the splitting apart of continents.

2impacts may cause continents that were split apart.

二句将一的意思改变, 去掉定从, 相当于impacts形成了continents, cause的多意也是ETS黑手之一.

5.     非限定性定从, 解释; 限定性, 言外之意还有.

      Homeowner, which A   对homeowner的解释, 全部.   

      Homeowner that A     言外之意还有不是A的.

    OG234E, 是a sth+that的结构, 表示一种不完全性, 但是the sth+that是完全性指代, 而且这种组合去掉了the的定指含意和限定性定语从句的不完全指代性, OG237C, OG258AB.

6.    OG15. In his research paper, Dr. Frosh, medical director of the Payne Whitney Clinic, distinguishes mood swings, which may be violent without their being grounded in mental disease, from genuine manic-depressive psychosis.

    (A) mood swings, which may be violent without their being grounded in mental disease, from genuine manic-depressive psychosis

    (B) mood swings, perhaps violent without being grounded in mental disease, and genuine manic-depressive psychosis ,

    (C) between mood swings, which may be violent without being grounded in mental disease, and genuine manic-depressive psychosis

(D) between mood swings, perhaps violent without being grounded in mental disease, from genuine manic-depressive psychosis

    (E) genuine manic-depressive psychosis and mood swings, which may be violent without being grounded in mental disease

    本题可以发现, 用定从指向性更强, 如果用perhaps violent, 则可能被误认为是插入语, 本句简化后是Dr. F disutinguishes between MS, perhaps violent, and genuine MDP, 这里perhaps violent悬在句中, 可以看成which are perhaps violent作定语修饰MS, 也可以看成插入语，或变成说Dr. F disutinguishes between MS这件事violent，也可能误会成说Dr. F is violent. 总之在GMAT SC中非限定性定语从句, 省略关系代词要异常谨慎, 象这种系表结构的非限定性定从, 最好写全以示清晰.

7.   两个定从或者分词后置修饰同一个先行词, 中间一定要有连词, 否则不对, Eg. which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known that orbit the distance planet. Now known是that are now known的简写, 但是如果写全就是awkward, 所以这两个之间一定要有and, 变成now know and that orbit the distance planet; 同理, OG225B(如果where前面不加连词的话where会去修饰polulation), OG246B.

8.    非限定性定语从句不可以用that引导, OG249A中的that只能理解为修饰插入语前面的artists, 而不可以修饰应该修饰的musicians.

9.    人作为定语从句先行词的时候, 只能用who引导, 不可以用that, OG188.

10.   定语从句具有更强的指代性, 体现在可以更完美的表达出主谓关系(当结合动词使用好时), 对比OG119BC可以发现with结构不能清晰的说出主谓关系.

11.  定从的跳越修饰:

a. that引导限定性定语从句由于可以去后置(定语太长把后面部分提前), 所以that可以跳越修饰, 但是前提是被跳越的部分不存在被that修饰的可能, 如GWD11-10C, OG248C, 大全940C; 但是OG196C中that跳越修饰修饰的东西同样可以被这个定语修饰而产生新的意思, 所以错误.

b. 非限定性定语从句(, which/ who)的跳越只能局限在A+介词+B的简单结构中, OG119.

Avantasia

十一、同位结构&插入语&独立主格

1.    限定性作用的同位语起修饰作用, 同位语的使用可能会改变句子的语意重心OG18, 若把同位语盖住, 都没有说出”He’s wives were all strong” 的意思, 逻辑第一.

2.    判断同位语是否正确的依据是: 改成主系结构, 看通不通, Eg. As litigation grows more complex, the need that experts explain technical issues becomes more apparent.

(A) that experts explain technical issues becomes

(C) for experts to explain technical issues becomes

A用了同位语从句, The need is that experts explain technical issues, 不通, 所以错.

3.    同位结构(包括用破折号连接的), 也要注意谓语的单复搭配, OG18.

4.    N1+N2+Verb   当N1是同位语时, N1后加逗号, N2不加后面逗号, OG56.

                   当N2是同位语时, N1后加逗号, N2后面加逗号, OG35, GWD6-41E.

5.   主谓之间的关系不能因为有插入语或者同位语而改变, ETS经常会以插入语或者同位语干扰主谓之间的逻辑, Eg. The painting, which sold for 20 million/ sold for 20 million, was the highest price. x 这里相当于说painting是highest price, 逻辑错误.

6.    同位结构应补出介词结构缺少的相应的概括性词语, 这样可以使逻辑清晰 (OG2, OG6), 否则由于同位结构不能指代前面的整个句子, 就会修饰前面的名词, 造成逻辑错误, eg. Since 1981, when the farm depression began, the number of acres overseen by professional farm-management companies has grown from 48 million to nearly 59 million, an area about the size of Colorado 如果不补出an area的话, about the size of Colorado就修饰the number of acres, 逻辑错误.

同位结构可以由重复性名词(OG189C, 大全651B), 解释性名词, 抽象名词(如information), 概括性名词(如findings), 代词(如one, OG9)或What 来引导.

进一步推广: 悬挂是同位结构在前面的句子是SVO结构的时候, 同位结构修饰前面的宾语, 如OG132题干中的about修饰前面的people, 如果想修饰的名词后面还有名词, 则必须补出以示清晰, OG208E; 如果结尾的宾语存在N1+介词+Noun2的, 同位结构两个都可以修饰, 因此必须补出以示清晰, 大全651B的wings的补出也是在避免修饰前面airplanes的歧义, GWD3-4B, 同时还要注意单复指代等问题, 如OG194D(判断A的错误要用到这点), 但是如果说N1或者N2之中出现了专有名词, 由于不会产生歧义, 可以不补出N1, 如OG263D; OG对于OG89DE的解释说明了在SVO结构中, 除非结尾的名词逻辑上面一定不可以被修饰, 也可以修饰句子主语, 但极为少见, 考试不用考虑.

7.    插入语前后一定要有逗号, OG149AE.

8.    主语和同位语尽量主谓一致, OG39; 实在不行再不去对应, 但是必须逻辑讲的通, OG213题干.

9.    同位语要和主语对应, 否则就会产生两个主语的情况了, 大全20A.

10.   同位语是起修饰作用, 一般用于修饰名词或名词短语, 对其修饰对象有解释力,     OG220D:      During a hundred years, a period beginning in 1788, 意思是a hundred years= a period beginning in 1788, 明显逻辑错误.

同理大全338, 如果同位语不具备解释力度, 就造成了动词前面两个意思没有联系的主语, 错误.

注意同位语不可以改做主语, OG56E, 这里存在一个逻辑错误, 可以说他是狗, 不可以说狗是他, 同理GWD6-41BE.

11.   独立主格:

a. 一般放在句首或句尾作状语, 表示伴随原因、条件、状态等:

一般独立主格(n.＋n./-ed/-ing/介词短语/adj短语/名词)与主句形成松散的逻辑关系.

(OG104D, 不能用松散结构N+N, 无法体现关系)

   with型独立主格(with n.+ -ed/-ing/adj/介词短语/名词/不定式)与主句形成紧密逻辑关系.

(OG104E, 很好的例子, 注意对比C)

   each型独立主格(复数名词结尾, each+介词短语/adj短语/-ed/-ing)强调句尾名词.

    b. 除with型独立主格外, 其它两个也可以作为同位结构放在句尾修饰前面的名词, 大全498E, OG122A.

12.   WITH:

    1. ,+with引导的独立主格结构, 在句末修饰前面的句子或动作 OG113D(E中的whose起不到伴随的作用, 所以错误), 注意这个with结构的主语不一定就是主句主语, 是要伴随的那个的主语; with的独立主格表示伴随, 在逻辑上面也许会关系错误, 小心.

2. with (without)引导的介词短语, 这时和其他介词短语一样, 在主谓宾句子中如果想作状语或修饰主语的定语, 就要把介词短语提至谓语动词之前以避免产生歧义; 但是即使是放在主谓宾后面(OG56)也可以, with优先伴随主语动作(这时with结构的主语是要伴随的那个动作的主语, 因此OG212E中的with会产生主语是主句主语的情况), 但是同时还是要看一下如果前面的N也有被修饰的可能的话(OG212, 这种policy是一个可以限定性修饰的词), 则歧义; 如果发现伴随不对(大全207, 很明显修饰house), 则也可以限定性修饰前面的名词; 如果是跟在修饰词的后面, 大全981, 则基本修饰前面的名词(lion), 如果逻辑上面是要伴随的, 则歧义; 体会OG50AD变化; ”, with”的在句尾的非限定性修饰结构, 比较容易有歧义.

    3. with, that紧跟修饰语时表示限定性修饰, who表示非限定性修饰, 选择with的时候要慎重, OG141.

4. OG192D里面的with后面的成份有宾语, 因此整个with结构是副词, 不可以用来修饰前面的名词, 更确切的说是独立结构, 只能做状语, 同理OG102B, OG113DE对比可以发现, with可以相对避免定语从句修饰前面名词的歧义;

大全374: Eg. In December of 1987 an automobile manufacturer pleaded no contest to criminal charges of odometer tampering and agreed to pay more than $16 million in civil damages for cars that were test-driven with their odometers disconnected.

(A) cars that were test-driven with their odometers disconnected

(B) cars that it had test-driven with their disconnected odometers

(C) its cars having been test-driven with disconnected odometers

(D) having test-driven cars with their odometers disconnected  (D)

(E) having cars that were test-driven with disconnected odometers

分析: 首先观察出AD中的with是独立主格做状语, 不可以修饰前面的cars, 而且that be是复杂表达; 再看D, 前面补出分词having, 刚好对应with, 而且意思正确, BCE中with前面是一个修饰成份, with优先修饰cars, 所以变成了修饰成份的并列, 简化的说就是为了车赔钱, 逻辑意思变化, 错; 但是注意OG104E, 这里用with的独立结构作为一个句子的状语, 符合逻辑意思, 不存在没有修饰对像的问题.

5. with做插入语可以表示伴随, 大全49A.

6. with引导介词短语放在句中也会产生夹心修饰的歧义, Eg. Unlike the short flights of the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, with sufficient enough power in fuel cells and batteries for their short flights, a permanently orbiting space station will have to generate its own electricity, 这个with在中间是不知道该修饰前面的还是后面的成份.

13.  In good years, the patchwork of green fields that surround the laceName w:st="on">San JoaquinlaceName> laceType w:st="on">ValleylaceType> town bustles with farm workers, many of them in the area just for the season.

(A) surround the laceName w:st="on">San JoaquinlaceName> laceType w:st="on">ValleylaceType> town bustles with farm workers, many of them

(B) surrounds the laceName w:st="on">San JoaquinlaceName> Valley town bustles with farm workers, many of whom are

首先应该根据逻辑意思判断A of B哪个被定语从句修饰, 其次many of them是同位语, 比many of whom are简洁.

4.        同位语的引导用that, 不能用which, 出现混淆的, OG76CDE.

5.        在句中无论直接插入新名词还是以插入语的形式, 都有可能造成以前的代词指代不清晰, OG184D, OG227CE, 这题的they肯定不可以指代句子主语identities, OG的意思是此时就近指代, 所以中间出入新的名词是有歧义的.

16. Unlike/ like在句中作为插入语, 小心夹心修饰, Eg. Because young children do not organize their attention or perceptions systematically, like adults, they may notice and remember details that their elders ignore.

(A) like adults

(D) as adults do

4.       插入语可以修饰前面的名词, OG147CE; 也可以修饰主语中心语(当在谓语前面的时候), 大全733B; 当like结构放在句尾的时候不再是插入语, 而是主语插入语的后置, 还是修饰主语, like结构修饰只要不产生歧义, 可以跳越, 选择最好的, OG189C; 注意OG147, 这里插入语没有造成夹心修饰, 因为后面不存在另一个比较对像.

18. OG222对于E的解释相当不负责任，这里E是一个同位语从句应该是没有争议的，问题就在这里，同位语从句是表示一种和前面的先行词等同的意思，比如：the fact that the money has gone does not mean it was stolen，这里的fact和 the money has gone是完全意义上的等同；可是本题中that they can withhold public disclosure of  the identities of its sources of intelligence information和其先行词power明显不具有语意等同的特点, 故E错

19.  不是所有的名词都可以接同位语从句, OG63E的danger接同位语从句是不符合规范的, ETS几乎没有这样的同位结构出现, 都是定从, 同位语从句多在解释原理时应用.

20.  破折号引出的同位结构如果作为修饰名词性质的, 同样也可以跳越(在无歧义情况下), 大全859说明在A of B结构中可以跳越, GWD6-27E说明可以补出一个概括性名词以清晰指代, GWD9-1说明了连后置的分词都可以跳过去, 说明在结尾出现复杂的名词结构的时候, 优先修饰中心词.

Avantasia

十二、不定式

1.   OG9. In the context of this sentence, the infini­tive to be is more appropriate than the limited present-tense is in referring to an event that occurred long ago but has been discovered only recently.

2.   to do表目的, 前面应该有被修饰的Verb, OG39, to protect应该改为used to protect, 变成分词做状语; SVO, to do这个结构在大全中的验证是只有当Verb,…,+to do, 且这个Verb+to do本身可以表示目的的时候(尤其是结合了平行, 大全126&869&836)或者本身就是固定搭配的时候才可以(大全7&618), 大全5的to him表示对于他, 因此是正确的; 但是像OG185ACD, OG39E, 一个前面是Be, 一个是clogged, 加了to do逻辑上面有问题, 所以错.

3.   不定式不能做同位语.

4.   名词前有序数词或形容词最高级作定语时, 名词后的定语必须使用不定式.

Eg. the first of sth to do

5.        be likely to do…and be unable to do…, be和to不能省略, OG70A.

6.        两个动词不定式并列有时相对Awkward, Eg. use as A to borrow against to get through. x OG140BD, OG6C.

7.        不定式的平行中, 后面的to常可以省略, 大全535B, OG186E(这里的rather than从逻辑上面限定了be的平行对像(这点要尤其注意)); 但是不定式也不是可以随便省略的, 会造成平行的歧义,  GWD11-33E; 不定式的平行省略只可以用and连接, 不可以用逗号, OG47AE.

8.        不定式的否定, 一般是Verb+not+to do, Eg. It’s hard not to do, TS3-14DE.

Avantasia

十三、OF&’S

1.       ’s和of都是所用格, 不可以同时使用, 造成双重所有格的错误.

2.       出现of all, 对应最高级, OG26B.

3.       A of B 与A’B 不同, 前者的中A仍可成为主格代词先行词, 插入语和主格代词的指代对象, 而A’B中的A不行, OG90, OG164D, GWD13-1A, OG181E(注意such是代词); 注意A’B中的A’可以成为所有格代词的指代对像, 大全644D.

4.  OG238. According to a recent study by laceName w:st="on">RutgerslaceName> laceType w:st="on">UniversitylaceType>, the number of women in state legislatures has grown in every election since 1968.

(A)  the number of women in state legislatures has grown

(D)  a growing number of women have been in state legislatures

答案是A, the number是中心语, 但是D中a growing number of就是a number of不再是N, 因此中心语成了women, 严重改变句意.

5.    A and B of C的结构从平行的角度看, 应该是(A and B) of C.

6.       存在将名词变成其所有格的题目, OG175D.

7.       当两个of都表示所有格的时候, A of B of C 的表达可能会相对awkward, 因为会产生of的修饰不清, OG52A; 因此前面是数字的(a thousand of等)不算; 同理, A in B in C也可能相对awkward, OG238E.

8.       ’s后面的宾语应该是一个名词, 不能用动名词; 但是存在his/ her+doing的情况.

9.       当两个名词连在一起时(甚至跨越非划线部分), 明白在两个之间也许需要加of, OG63D; 有的是并列的时候少了of, 应该看出来, OG53A.

10.   The distribution of mass within the core of the Earth, like the mantle that surrounds the core, has been deduced from the orbital behavior of the Earth and the motions of satellites controlled by the gravity of the Earth.
(B) that within the mantle surrounding the core
(C) that of the mantle surrounding the core

(E) the distribution of mass within the mantle that surrounds the core
这题基于平行的角度B最好, C错的原因是这个that, 指代补不清The distribution or The distribution of mass, 特别小心对于A of B结构的指代; 另外这个E中不符合能省就省的原则, 而且这个定从修饰的没有分词感觉好, 定从表示一次性的事情.

11.   of结构会改变题目逻辑关系, OG109C, OG235C.

12.   变成’s的代价是可能会使后面的代词缺乏指代对像, 大全401AB.

Avantasia

十四、代词&指代

1.       where , there 做代词的时候也要有明确的指代对象.

Eg. OG38. Scientists have observed large concentrations ofheavy-metal deposits in the upper twenty centimeters of Baltic Sea sediments, which are consistent with the growth of industrial activity there.

(A) Baltic Sea sediments, which are consistent with the growth of industrial activity there

(B) Baltic Sea sediments, where the growth of industrial activity is consistent with these findings

(C) Baltic Sea sediments, findings consistent with its growth of industrial activity

(D) sediments from the Baltic Sea, findings consistent with the growth of industrial activity in the area

(E) sediments from the Baltic Sea, consistent with the growth of industrial activity there

这里面ACE中的there无法被清晰指代, AB中的where修饰前面的sediments, 但是不和逻辑, 同理OG237AD.

2.       指上一句提到的东西用them而非these, OG79; 有such+N, 不用these+N举例, OG116C.

3.    代词可以出现在主语前或者后, 只要单复正确, 指代清晰, OG108A; 但是如果这个代词没有在后面立刻明确的话就是错了, OG11B, Basing it on various ancient writers' accounts, scholars have painted a sketchy picture of the activities of an all-female cult that, perhaps as early as the sixth century B.C. 这里的It和要指代的名词之间还有名词, 而且距离太远. ‘Choice B is awkward and impre­cise in that the referent for the pronoun it is not immediately clear’; 结合GWD13-1可以发现, 当句首的分词或者从句用了代词, 则必须立刻在主句开始明确代词, 否则就是错误.

4.   划线部分的名词要照顾到未划线部分的代词, 反之亦然, 尤其是划线部分后面的, 要看全, OG96, OG153 A: the best choice , correctly focuses upon the straightforward subject of the sentence and the logical referent of the pronoun “it” in the last line.

5.   it具有很强的指代性, 就指刚刚出现的东西, OG199A中的it说明两个earthquake相同, 是一个, 不符合逻辑; 但是that, thoes没有那么强的指代作用, 例如OG51中that.

6.   OG83D: Further, its presence in D leaves the it in when it is not without a logical referent: it must refer to condition, not presence. 正确答案和D相比用的是形容词present, 这样就避免了后面的it指代在condition和presence之间的指代混淆, 答案是比出来的.

7.   相同的代词在同一分句中指代应该相同, 否则歧义, OG244; 不同的所有格的相同代词在同一句中可以指代不同; 所有代词只能指代中心词, 不能指代修饰成分; 代词不能用来指代整个句子, 只能指代特定的名词或短语.

8.   代词的指代也许会没有具体名词清晰(辩证的看), OG248BC; 句中出现such, these+N, 通常是正确的, 因为可以使句子更清晰.

9.    能不用代词就不用, 若指代清晰肯定不用, 否则wordy(Each of her wives VS Her wives); 同理大全939BD, they’are可以省略, 不会歧义, 有了they反而罗嗦且不明确; 两个选项最后相较时, 省略代词的和使用具体名词的都是优选的.

10.  从句在前, 主句在后, 则主从句均可使用代词; 主句在前, 从句在后, 只有从句能使用代词, 主句必须声明完整意义的名词性成分.

Bcause he is sick, Tom did not come to school. OG108A的翻版.

Because Tom is sick, he did not come to school.

He did not come to schoold, because Tom is sick. x

Tom did not come to school, because he is sick.

11.  从句在前时出现的代词指代主句的主语, OG12B; 从句在后时, 从句代词可以指代主句的主语或者宾语, 所以当都是可以被逻辑指代的对像的时候, 错误, OG12E.

12.  without their being…x 介词和后面的分词之间不可以插入代词, 但是这样有可能造成being的主语不清晰(大全315C再次验证), 可以换成介词+代词+名词, 或者直接换成加代词的主谓结构, 大全291CE, OG48CD.

13.  S+be done/Verb to+Vt+Proun若S不是Vt的发出者而是Vt的宾语, 就一定要加一个S的代词, 否则逻辑上会产生S是Vt动作发出者的歧义, OG183B, OG61CE; GWD中很多有名词前插入代词的, 比如GWD4-Q41E , 这里没有在ability前面补出its, 说明这种补出是可以没有的, 不影响清晰; GWD里面还有介宾短语中间补出代词的, 如GWD4-Q3-C, 正确答案没有补出代词, 说明这种补出也是可以没有的.

14.  all和all of都可以用在带限定词的名词前, 比如: All of the students are coming to the party,  All the students are coming to the party; 在不带限定词的名词前只能用all, 比如: All students hates exams; 人称代词前只能用all of, 比如: I'd like all of you to come; 人称代词后可以用all, 比如: They all like parties, All of the/ both of the, the不可省率, 但是all the students可以变成all students.

15.  关于代词的指代问题

1.并无就近指代的规则. 如果看到代词就将其等同于前面最靠近它的、在数上与其一致的名词,肯定是错误的.

2.从句中的做主语的代词优先指代主句主语, 这是ETS认可的规则, 但注意是“优先”,不是“永远”, 但是, OG12A是结合了代词的唯一指代性, 所以必错; 另外, 当代词不指代主句的主语的时候, 一般是因为前面是一个人一个物或者不产生逻辑歧义的两个东西.

3.逻辑判定是无比重要的. 如果“优先指代”使得句子不通, 则需要通过逻辑来判定其指代的对象. 当然, 这也适合于没有“优先指代”规则可用的情况, The Olympic Games helped to keep peace among the pugnacious states of the Greek world when they proclaimed a sacred truce for the festival month, they在这里不太可能指代Olympic Games, 因此虽然不是很好, 但逻辑也还算清晰, 另外A majority of the international journalists surveyed view nuclear power stations as unsafe at present but think that they will be or could, 这里they作为journalists动作的宾语的一部分, 不可能再指它; 但是像OG31C中的they, 由于前面的两个名词都可以和后面搭配, 所以不清晰; 同理OG159C中的their也指代不清(属于有效性错误, 因为解释用的是might confusing).

16.  each作为代词时候指代主语的时候要注意看主语是否是单数, OG1E; each本身也不可以搭配错误, 例如OG18B, each of them H’s wives.

17.  that可以做关联词, 还可以做普通代词, OG8正确答案D中的that先是关联代词, 然后作普通指示代词, 读的时候区分, 因此可知that在一句话中是可以指代不同的.

18.  一句话中两种代词不要出现指代交集, OG83A, it由于指代one, 会造成其没有指代对像.

19.  OG131. The Commerce Department announced that the economy grew during the second quarter at a 7.5 percent annual rate, while inflation eased when it might have been expected for it to rise.

it might have been expected to rise

its rise might have been expected  (A)

while引导的从句要求一个平行结构, 这个要体会, its指代inflation’s, A中的it和前面的inflation对应, awkward, 这题反应出来, 能平行就尽量平行.

20.  these, this不可以单独出现指代; thoes, that可以.

21.  不要被表面的有指代迷惑, 逻辑意思第一, OG33C, its逻辑上面只能只resources, 但是单复不对, 所以没有指代, 同理OG61A的they; 也不是说有指代就一定正确, 逻辑上面还要讲的通, 不能non-sensical, OG220A的its指代England就没有意义.

22.  复数代词不可以指代单数名词, 包括each(OG1)和those(OG167A).

23.  OG194中的one of them who is缺少一个动词, 使得one没有动词可用, 这个结构要注意.

Avantasia

十五、A&THE

1.       are a force for≠are forces for/are forcing for (考虑到究竟是有几个force).

同理, 大全254. Dr. Sayre’s lecture recounted several little-known episodes in the relations between nations that illustrates what is wrong with alliances and treaties that do not have popular support.
(B) relation of one nation with another that illustrates
(C) relations between nations that illustrate
当在BC中最好选择的时候, 只有B不会产生潜在的歧义, 而且也只有B里面的that不会产生指代歧义, 一定要注意指代问题.

2.       有三种情况可在名词前使用定冠词THE:

1.前面提到过这个名词.

2.名词后使用限定性定语言从句或者分词.

3.“The” 可比表示全部: the 500 to 1000 different genes in a cell, 表示一共就这么多gene.

     4.the+noun the + noun表特指和类指, 可以指代某一类人、动物等, the lion is the king of beasts. 狮子是万兽之王, OG163D.

3.       the不可乱加, 因为加了the表示是一个前文提过的东西, 定指, OG106B; 但是这种”提过”是比较灵活的, 熟练应用可以帮助解题, OG6CE.

4.   In developing new facilities for the incineration of solid wastes, we must avoid the danger of shifting environmental problems from landfills polluting the water to polluting the air with incinerators.

(C) the pollution of water by landfills to the pollution of air by incinerators  (C)

(D) pollution of the water by landfills to incinerators that pollute the air

比较CD发现C中的the是和前面的incineration对应的, water和air前面加定冠词is unwarranted, 加了表示说特指的water和air, 意思不对.

5.    OG53. There is no consensus on what role, if any, is played by acid rain in slowing the growth or damaging forests in the eastern United States.

damaged or slowed growth of

damaging or slowing the growth of

这里第一个和第二个的区别在于第二个有一个the, 这样也就使得两个分词是动词性质, damaging和slowing+the growth of并列修饰后面的forests, 但是第一个没有, 这就使得前面的两个过分作为形容词性质修饰growth, 错误.

6.    OG54. Galileo was convinced that natural phenomena, as manifestations of the laws of physics, would appear the same to someone on the deck of a ship moving smoothly and uniformly through the water as a person standing on land.

water as to a (A)

water, as it would to the  

water; just as to the

OG: D and E use the definite article the where the indefinite article a is needed to refer to an unspecified person. 说明a表不定指, the是定指, 在没有特殊需要的时候不能乱用.

7.    “a”可以表示一种不定指, 即平均上一个, 而one则是定指, OG134C.

Avantasia

十六、AS&SO

1.       as在gmat比较结构中多做连词代出一个主谓结构, 只指引出一个名词不符合语法习惯. OG126A (小心判断as引出的结构).

2.       as…as 肯定和否定句都可以用, so…as 只能用于否定句, as…as除了可以表示像…一样外, 还可以用于concessive clause, 相当于though, 让步, 主从有对比意思, 且主从主语要相同, Eg. As ill-prepared as they are, they nevertheless find good jobs.

3.       As表示一段时间, 尤其是指一个渐进的过程OG84 (as aging)--as: two situations which develop or change together. As I get older, I get more optimistic, 而when是”at that time”, OG1E, when: refer to ages and periods of time. when I was a child, we in in london; while表示two actions happen at the same time. while you are reading the information, I am working.

4.       as(OG207), for(大全140)可以在句中引导原因状语从句.

5.       表示动作的程度用so...that(that引出具体的explanation, OG136A), so+adj...as to(so和adj之间不能有别的东西, OG136C; OG103D的so much…as to错误; OG88A是正确的样子)只用于简单的系表结构当中, 因为要求动作发起人和句子主语相同; so as to不能加情态动词, 不能含有时态, 很多时候需要改成so…that.

6.       so as to前后主语要相同, 如果不行的话就换成so that, 其中that可以去掉, 不去更好, 而且关键是so that可以接情态动词; OG88B, OG39C, 使用so that的时候一定要注意主语的, 如果有模糊的嫌疑就可以选择更换分词伴随句子, 大全362.

7.       经典分析: OG171, so as to做目的状语, 而so as to前面有两个限定动词sought和have, 造成修饰上面的歧义, 不知道是sought…so as to, 还是have…allulled so as to.

8.       such functions to mean "of a kind" rather than to intensify abundant, such用来举例, so用来强调, 表达的语意重心不同, OG20, 这个是重要考点.

9.       OG36. Bufo marinus toads, fierce predators that will eat frogs, lizards, and even small birds, are native to South America but were introduced into Florida during the 1930's in an attempt to control pests in the state's vast sugarcane fields.

(A) are native to South America but were introduced into Florida during the 1930's in an attempt to control

(B)  are native in South America but were introduced into Florida during the 1930's as attempts to control

(C) are natives of South America but were introduced into Florida during the 1930's in an attempt at controlling

(D) had been native to South America but were introduced to Florida during the 1930's as an attempt at controlling

(E)  had been natives of South America but were introduced to Florida during the 1930's as attempts at controlling

Both as attempts in B and E and as an attempt in D are wrong because the attempt consists not of the toads themselves, but of their introduction into the environment. As表示toad就是attemptation, 不符合逻辑, 因此当as翻译为作为的时候, As两端的概念一定要平行, 包括单复, OG97E; 同理: OG39. For members of the seventeenth-century Ashanti nation in Africa, animal-hide shields with wooden frames were essential items of military equipment, a method to protect warriors against enemy arrows and spears.

a method to protect

as a method protecting

protecting

as a protection of

to protect   BD中的As修饰items, 应该是use of items是method, as在句中时, 多和动词连用, 单个用的错的几率很大.

10. such as后面不可以接不定式, OG74D; as表示列举的时候也不可以加不定式.

11. As不一定就是表示像…(和like作用相同的那个), 可以表示作为, 大全226, as后面的比较接单一比较对像(因为省略了相同的Verb), 别当成错误.

大全677. Sunspots, vortices of gas associated with strong electro-magnetic activity, are visible as dark spots on the surface of the Sun but have never been sighted on the Sun’s poles or equator.
(A) are visible as dark spots on the surface of the Sun but have never been sighted on
(B) are visible as dark spots that never have been sighted on the surface of the Sun
(C) appear on the surface of the Sun as dark spots although never sighted at
(D) appear as dark spots on the surface of the Sun, although never having been sighted at
(E) appear as dark spots on the Sun’s surface, which have never been sighted on

读A的时候可以发现完成时有点怪, 好心的ETS并没有给出时态提示, B结构关系错, C看起不错, 而且可以发现原来on the surface位置会变, 估计要考虑逻辑意思了, 质疑C或者A, C时态没问题, D的on位置有问题, E结构不对, on有问题, 所以综合判断是C.

12. as…as前后的比较对像要对等, 大全517. Most nations regard their airspace as extending upward as high as an aircraft can fly; no specific altitude, however, has been officially recognized as a boundary.
(A) as extending
(B) as the extent
这里as后面是fly, 需要前面有一个动词与其匹配, 另外B的the加的没有道理.

13. as many/ much as的结构是as many/ much+N as的省略N的结构, 如果中间的N是省略的, 则as后面的代词也要省略, OG132E; 如果没有省略, 且as后面要接的代词就是这个N的代词, 则要省略掉代词, OG187A; 如果中间的N和后面的代词不是一个东西, 则必须补出代词, OG92D, OG265B, 大全874B.

as+adj+as这个结构是否需要补出代词没有定论, 不可作为判断依据, GWD7-32, GWD5-14; 但是如果没有补出代词, 可以补出be动词, OG266CDE.

the same as这个结构和相关的变体都不需要在as后面进行多余的代词和动词补出, OG12D, OG54B, OG80AD对比更强调了这点(A用名词比D用those也更好).

14. than在作连词的时候的省略方式类似, 当主语相同的时候可以省略掉相同的主语, Eg. The new sports car is heavier than is usual for a performance automobile.

15. As作为连词的时候表示”像”, 作为副词的时候表示”正如”, 作为介词表示”作为”, 后面只能接名词结构, GWD4-41.

做连词比较两个状语: With diamonds, as with all gems, you should ask for a written description of your purchase.

做副词举例: As with any drug taken in excess, your body can build up a tolerance to it.

练习: 大全143. As virtually all the nation’s 50 busiest airports are, New York’s were built for an age of propellers, before jet planes weighing 800,000 pounds needed over two miles of runway.

(A) As virtually all the nation’s 50 busiest airports are

(B) As with virtually all of the nation’s 50 busiest airports

(C) Like virtually all of the nation’s 50 busiest airports

这里A中as虽然是引出了一个svo结构, 但是are的时态不对, B中as with中的as应该是想表达”像”的意思, 但后面的with成了比较状语模式, 错误, 只有C .

16. so that不可以修饰名词, 只能修饰动词, OG260AB.

Avantasia

十七、技巧

判断顺序

1. 读一句句子的时候，慢一点读。[速度]
2. 句子一定要读完。未划线部分一定要看，很有可能有暗示。[完整][代词，时态，平行等]
3. 一边读的时候一边已经把主谓宾找出来。[基本结构]
4. 句意：句子的主要目的是想表述什么，区分主要信息、从属信息、并列信息以及各种想表达的关系。特别复杂的题目可以做笔记。
[Purpose of Expression句意，Hierarchy of information信息的层次]
5. 大部份情况下把那些简单的语法规则一代进去，就可以发现句子哪里不对了，找不出就接着在选项中比较差异。由差异中发现标准。标准一定要非常确定，属于“绝对错”。不能确定的先回避。[排除标准的确立]
6. 一般可以用排除法至剩下两个选项，然后再比较一下这两个从里面选出一个。先从最简单的原则入手：
1. 主谓一致 [Verbs must agree with their subjects]

2. 修饰[Introductory modifier][A modifier should be as close as possible to the word or clause that it modifies]
3. 时态 [Verb tenses must reflect the sequence of events]
4. 平行结构 [Similar elements in a sentence must be parallel to each other]

5. 比较 [Compare like things only]
6. 代词指代 [A pronoun must agree with its antecedent and refer to only one antecedent]
7. 习惯用语 [Correct Idioms]

以上原则属于优先级最高的原则，其它原则应放在较次要的位置考虑。
注意: 逻辑的清晰在简洁等等effectiveness错误之上, 所以说是否使用被动在代词指代清晰的判断后面.

未划线部分注意的

1.  有没有that提示分句的并列, OG10.

2.  有没有by, 对应被动语态, OG57

3.  是否有需要平行的Be, OG84

4.  有没有and+to do提示不定式的平行, OG96

5.  有没有时间状语或者重点副词(如ever)对时态的提示, OG101, 大全8

6.  有没有or提示的平行, OG138

7.  后面代词对于单复的提示, OG163

8.  后面代词对于主语的提示, OG153

9.  后面并列结构的谓语动词对主语单复和人物的提示, OG167

10. 插入语中的动词或其它成份对主语的提示, 大全48

11. 如果后面出现such+N, 则前面要补出N, OG181

12. 副词, 介宾短语, 动词都要平行, OG188B

13. 看共几句话, 如果选择没有引导词的是否Run-on, 选有引导词的是否Sentence-Fragment. OG10

14. 如果是有平行连词连接的两个分句, 则时态的用词也要平行, OG28DE

15. 有没有固定搭配, 并且是否需要补出东西, OG54

16. 有没有拆分意思完整的词组, 造成逻辑意思的不完整, OG71

17. 有没有比较或者最高级的提示, OG116

18. 关注平行结构对于用词的提示, OG264

19. 数一下句子数, 如果出现有连词的取舍, 小心Run-on, OG10

20. 未划线部分对于语态也会给出提示, OG134CD

对于选项的观察

1.  看是否具有关联词或者that, OG10

2.  当发现选项有对名词的取舍的时候, 小心后面代词的呼应, OG96BC

3.  观察选项对于时态的取舍, OG30, OG88

3.  观察对于介词的取舍, OG40

5.  结合未划线的谓语或相关提示, 观察单复区别, OG52BC

6.  当发现选项用对名词的取舍的时候, 小心后面的代词没有对应对像, OG96C

7.  选项内部的单复变化, OG109BE

8.  对于时态的选择和提示, OG113

9.  对平行代词提示词的取舍, OG139CD中的that(不能一个有, 一个没有)

10. 注意时态提示词, 包括一些形容词和名词, OG230(current hostility)

11. 是否会造成和未划线部分的平行歧义, OG251ADE, OG264CD

12. 是否尽量少的引入会让未划线部分代词产生歧义的代词或者名词, OG182AD

13. 注意细微之处的标点, OG184ADE

解题技巧

1.  SC is all about finding the best answer, not all the possible ones.

2.  学会化简结构, 当主谓关系很荒唐的时候必错, 大全809BD, OG26E

3.  逻辑意思无比重要, 体会大全679

4.  最后的最后, 平行美的句子优选, OG42BC

howardwang

thanks. great!

z520m

版主辛苦了，多谢！很有用