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2．平行对称结构
多个小分句之间要平行对称，在最后一个分句前补出and (OG32)。
即在肯定句时，补and；在否定或选择含义时，补or。
EG: A，B，C，D，and E
and 在画线部分中或画线部分的前面，and是一个解题点。
表示选择关系时，逻辑问题destroy 与heavily damage用 or连结，因为“毁坏”的程度不一样，只能是选择关系，不能并列（用and）。例如OG第32题
32. Some buildings that were destroyed and heavily damaged in the earthquake last year were constructed in violation of the city's building code.
(A)    Some buildings that were destroyed and heavily damaged in the earthquake last year were
(B)    Some buildings that were destroyed or heavily damaged in the earthquake last year had been
(C)    Some buildings that the earthquake destroyed and heavily damaged last year have been
(D)    Last year the earthquake destroyed or heavily damaged some buildings that have been
(E)    Last year some of the buildings that were destroyed or heavily damaged in the earthquake had been

Choice B is best. Choices A and C illogically state that some buildings were both destroyed and damaged; or is needed to indicate that each of the buildings suffered either one fate or the other. In using only one verb tense, were, A fails to indicate that the buildings were constructed before the earthquake occurred. Choices C and D use the present perfect tense incorrectly, saying in effect that the buildings have been constructed after they were destroyed last year. Choice E suggests that the construction of the buildings, rather than the earthquake, occurred last year, thus making the sequence of events unclear. Only B uses verb tenses correctly to indicate that construction of the buildings was completed prior to the earthquake.
即在肯定句时，补and；在否定或选择含义时，补or。

（1）对称形式
A．形式上对称：
名词对名词；分词对分词（现在分词不一定要对现在分词，要检验动作的发出者和承受者）
EG: A，B，C，D，and E
to do A，to do B，to do C，to do D，and to do E
to do A，do B，do C，do D，and do E
B．强调含义上的对称：
为了含义上的对称，甚至可以突破形式上的对称
EG: duty assignment and (A. the staffing of people)  (责任分配与人员配备)
A. the staffing of people   B. the staff
the onset of iceberg and the splitting of the continent
duty assignment 对应 the staffing of people
the onset对应the splitting, assignment 、staffing、onset、splitting都是动作性名词。
（2）非平行结构的误导题
如补充材料5：三个句子本身无论从意义、逻辑上都不能构成平行对称结构
3．否定句的平行结构
（1）否定句的定义
句子出现no, not时（有NO，NOT才是否定句）;“Never… …”是肯定句，表示否定的含义
I have never been to U.S.A and Australia.←肯定句
（2）否定句用or替换and

二、    有效性

（一）    尽量忠实原文的意思，除非从逻辑上发现原文意思需要发生改变；90%题目考察“忠实原文”,10%考察“有逻辑错误需要改正”。
Eg1、压缩盘的发展同（as。。。as）以前一样伟大，但压缩盘的音质比以前的盘更好。
逻辑错：压缩盘的发展at least同以前一样伟大，。。。。。。好。
对有些不可能是转折关系的，必须把BUT 改成AND。
Eg2、单一性的博物馆如何…,大的博物馆….
逻辑错：这里存在分类标准不统一的逻辑错误。单一性对应综合性，大对应小。
1．弱语气词的添加、丢失或位置发生改变
just, even
存在一定的错误，但该选项不一定错，选相对正确的答案。
如：JUST，EVEN等添加或者丢失虽然会使选项存在错误，但该选项并不一定不是正确答案。
Like John, Mike go to ……
当原文没有JUST时:  B. just like John  C. like John do    中正确答案选择A 。
A.like John done   B. just like John  C. like John do 中正确答案选B
当原文没有JUST时:  A. like Mike do  B. just like Mike  中正确答案选择B 。
如果增加一个选项C,
A.like Mike do  B. just like Mike  C.like Mike 中正确答案选C。
2．句子的强调重心发生了微弱改变
状语及修饰成分发生改变，选项有可能错，但不一定错。如状语从句in 1980未放到首句,不一定错,仅是位置改变,功能没有改变.
主动语态变为被动语态，该选项有可能错，但并一定错。在没有正确性错误（CORRECTIVENESS）的情况下，优先选择主动语态。


3．时态发生变化
GMAT中一般时态不能随意改变，除非有个明确的点提示原文时态应当发生改变。）（90%不变，10%需要改变）。
一般现在时改成过去时等,一般情况下错（高手可以鉴定一下对否）。
一般现在时改成现在进行时，或者一般过去时改成过去进行时，都是非常典型的错误。
明确的点:时间点或者后面有类似表时态(看句子意思)的动词(BECOMING，表明正在发生变化，要用现在进行时)。
一个句子，时态不能混用。
（二）    简洁原则
*实意名词>动词>形容词>抽象名词>分词动名词>从句
存在该种错误，并不一定错，看是不是两个选项中唯一的区别，如support > be supportive of
分词（特指过去分词）优于定语从句，因为过去分词是定语从句的省略形式, sth that is indicated by = sth indicated by.
半抽象名词，即动词和名词形式一样的名词，如result, help, cost, increase, base等，优选动词词性的选项。
第三章    经验规律
一、    正确性
（一）    宾语从句和定语从句
1．宾语从句一定有that，无that必错
除require of sb. that……，其他动词后跟代词（I told you that……）一般为错误的干扰项
V + that 对
V + sb to do 对
V +sb that 错
2．定语从句用that和which有区别：
that引导 限制性定语从句，紧跟被修饰名词后（in that特例）；which 引导非限制性定语从句，前面必须是“,”或介词
3．that, which  只能指物；who, whom 只能指人；whose 指人或物
（二）    优先结构
*not…but… > …rather than… > instead of
*even though / although > despite, in spite of
*形容词+名词结构（adj+n.） > 名词n.+ that is+adj
*B + 介词 + A 结构> AB 结构
如Inability of French > French inability
再如sediments from the Baltic Sea ＞Baltic Sea sediments。
*介词 + which ＞ where
*so+adj.>such+抽象名词
*在其他完全相同的情况下，同位语结构 > 定语从句   名词 > 代词
*表示是否时,连结一个完整的名词从句 whether ＞ if
*be able to / can > ability of sb to do > capable > capability  WP19/86
*to do sth is to do sth > doing sth is doing sth  错！
*to do > of doing > for doing sth
*原文的现在分词优于答案中的动词 WP13/56
*increase is sth ＞ more
*once＞ one time
* obituary更为正规＞death
（三）    GMAT中一定错的表达方式
1．There be句型
There be done错！There can be done错！There may be done错！
Being 错！特例：介词+被动
2．主观色彩的表达方式
一定错（一定要是一种客观性的表达）:
be to do错, be going to错
have to(不得不)错（ must（应该）对），
avoid错（keep sth. From, keep somebody from doing对）（防止）
3．口语化表达
maybe 错（probably对）
when you、if you错
4．Similar to 放在句首一定错，无论是整句还是分句（放于第二句开头也是句首）
5．Concerning一定错！ 要用about或over。
6．As is based 错！ 要用based。Base / compare 永远用被动
7．Hopefully错！ 要用it is hoped。
8．其他
Enough在画线部分一定错！
把LIKE换成SEEM，AS 换成AS IF一定错。As though = as if
Make comparison of 错！ 要用compare。
With the intention to错！ 要用intend。
Be able to be done错！应改为can be done
Comparing，basing 错！ 只能用被动 compared, based
Doubled, tripled, quadrupled 错！ 只能用主动

[此贴子已经被作者于2003-9-2 0:32:55编辑过]

dullpen

谢谢！