【sc】独立主格做状语 Before 1988, insurance companies in California...

芒果与草莓

og上的一道题目。
Before 1988, insurance companies in California were free to charge whatever rates the market would bear, needing no approval from regulators before raising rates.

(A) needing no approval from regulators before raising
(B) and it needed no approval by regulators before raising
(C) and needing no approval from regulators before they raised
(D) with approval not needed by regulators before they raised
(E) with no approval needed from regulators before the raising of

答案是A倒好选，就是想知道DE的用法在语法上有没有说法呢？
特别是这个before在这里是作状语从句，还是介词短语。以及D选项they raised和E选项 the raising of有没有错，怎么错，有没有小伙伴这块比较好来解答一下鸭~

感觉近几年的SC题目讨论的好少呀

清酉湘竹2018

https://forum.chasedream.com/thread-1303177-1-1.html 传送门