关于一个现在分词前面加不加逗号的疑惑，求赐教

水晶少女吱

GMAT新人一枚，在最近的语法学习中遇到了这样的问题。
现在分词在句中或者句尾的时候，加与不加逗号对它修饰功能的作用？求解惑现在分词作定语什么时候前面加逗号什么时候不加，以及现在分词作定语和作伴随状语的区别！
OG12里面一道题：
Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are now drawing solid conclusions about how the human brain grows and how babies acquire language.
(A) Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are
(B) Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood over the past twenty years, and are
(C) Neuroscientists amassing a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood over the past twenty years, and are
(D) Neuroscientists have amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood,
(E) Neuroscientists have amassed, over the past twenty years, a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood,
正确答案为A
在这道题里面看到解析说“having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, ”这部分是定语修饰名词，为什么在这里这部分的V-doing不能是伴随状语的功能呢？如何区分是伴随状语还是定语修饰名词呢？另外在曼哈顿里面一个名词修饰语例句中“The cat sleeping on the rug is named 'Sue.'"里面的sleeping前面并没有逗号。

下面这道题的正确答案为C，为什么这里的circling不修饰Jupiter可以直接修饰80 massive planets？
In the past several years, astronomers have detected more than 80 massive planets, most of them as large or larger than Jupiter, which circle other stars.
A. most of them as large or larger than Jupiter, which circle  
B.most of them as large or larger than Jupiter and circling  
C.most of them at least as large as Jupiter, circling  
D.mostly at least as large as Jupiter, which circle  
E.mostly as large or larger than Jupiter, circling  
在这里谢谢大家的帮忙！

danielsu

哈哈，刚刚从cd nn们的帖子整理了这块的知识。

• V-ing形式
a.  ing结构在其前面没有逗号的时候，一定是定语，修饰最近的名词，不管这个名词是否是做什么成分，主语、宾语、介宾都无所谓。
b.  ing结构前面有逗号的时候，优先考虑其作状语，其修饰的对象是前面整个句子主干。但ing做状语又有很多种区分：
○ 若主句是主系表结构，ing结构是对前面主系表结构的句子做的一种补充说明，此时ing结构不表伴随，不表结果，只是表示一个补充说明的意思。
○ 而当前面是主谓宾的时候，逗号+ing形式可做伴随动作，可做结果状语。
        § 若表伴随，其伴随的是主句动词，但必须保证主句主语是ing形式的动作发出者。
        § 若表结果状语，其修饰前面整个主句，并无逻辑主语的问题，但是前面主句再改作名词结构后，可以作为ing结构动作的发出者。
        □ Five sea eagles left their nests in western Scotland, bringing to 34....把主句变为名词，即是leave这个事情（把left名词化）作为brings的真正主语。

水晶少女吱

danielsu 发表于 2017-6-20 14:49
哈哈，刚刚从cd nn们的帖子整理了这块的知识。

• V-ing形式

谢谢你的回复～  但是上面第一题里面的“having amassed....”前面也有逗号，这类情况的话这句话是否还作定语修饰前面的Neuroscientists呢？还是伴随状语？

danielsu

水晶少女吱 发表于 2017-6-20 14:58
谢谢你的回复～  但是上面第一题里面的“having amassed....”前面也有逗号，这类情况的话这句话是否还作 ...

呃，首先得确认一点我不是nn，所以只能提供一些我的想法，

“having amassed....”我认为就是伴随状语，从having可以看出它和主句是有逻辑关系的

michwang

Like the great navigators who first sailed around the Earth, to gather information about its size and curvature of its surface, new observations have been made by astronomers that show with startling directness the large-scale geometry of the universe.

(A) Like the great navigators who first sailed around the Earth, to gather information about its size and curvature of its surface, new observations have been made by astronomers
(B) Like the great navigators who first sailed around the Earth for gathering information about its size and also the curvature of its surface, new observations have been made by astronomers
(C) Similar to the great navigators who first sailed around the Earth, where they gathered information about its size and the curvature of its surface, astronomers have made new observations
(D) Like the great navigators who first sailed around the Earth gathering information about its size and the curvature of its surface, astronomers have made new observations
(E) Just as with the great navigators who first sailed around the Earth, gathering information about its size and curvature of the surface, astronomers have made new observations




昨天就做了这样一道题
正确选项是D
根据Like 来判断很容易选出来
但是D选项有个很有趣的地方就是gathering information的修饰
这个gathering不是修饰最近的名词earth 而是跳跃修饰修饰前面的navigator


所以我推断也不能根据V+ing没有逗号就一定是修饰前面的名次

fxxxfxxx

Comma + ing 是adv modifier，修饰的是subject和verb。关于comma + ing modifier的使用请搜Ron的解释，我之前的回复里也有引用过。  

present particle是noun modifier，这种使用很多应该很好理解。

a选项里的having amassed是comma + having + past particle,  和上面两种不是一样的类型，就相当于是放在句首的present或者past particle，修饰主语，同时表明having的动作发生在主句的动作之前。

水晶少女吱

michwang 发表于 2017-6-20 16:32
Like the great navigators who first sailed around the Earth, to gather information about its size an ...

这题和我写的第二题：
In the past several years, astronomers have detected more than 80 massive planets, most of them as large or larger than Jupiter, which circle other stars.
A. most of them as large or larger than Jupiter, which circle  
B.most of them as large or larger than Jupiter and circling  
C.most of them at least as large as Jupiter, circling  
D.mostly at least as large as Jupiter, which circle  
E.mostly as large or larger than Jupiter, circling  
和你说的那道对比也是跳跃修饰但是这里的V-ing前面有逗号。我开始以为是如果Jupiter和circling中间没有逗号就会有circling直接作定语修饰Jupiter的嫌疑？但是如果不加逗号也能跳跃修饰前面的名词，为什么这里要加逗号呀？

fxxxfxxx

水晶少女吱 发表于 2017-6-21 00:57
这题和我写的第二题：
In the past several years, astronomers have detected more than 80 massive pla ...

这里的 most of them at least as large as Jupiter 是插入语，所以前后都有comma，跟circling没关系.

去掉插入语你再看circling就是修饰前面的planet，很清楚。

水晶少女吱

fxxxfxxx 发表于 2017-6-21 01:41
这里的 most of them at least as large as Jupiter 是插入语，所以前后都有comma，跟circling没关系.

...

好哒，明白了！多谢多谢～～

fxxxfxxx

水晶少女吱 发表于 2017-6-21 16:15
好哒，明白了！多谢多谢～～

不客气哒