[讨论]大家一起来研究一下现在完成时的用法吧！

番茄笑了

我觉得现在完成时表面看上去很简单，可是越看越复杂！

查了语法书，现在完成时

1，用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。

2，动作或状态发生在过去，但它的影响现在还存在；

3，也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。

那它什么时候表示的是之前已经完成的动作，什么时候时表示持续到现在的动作，是不是主要看它后面接的是什么动词？

例如，OG-88里面C选项用了have constitued　ETS 认为不对，因为在这里的现在完成时表示the statue 曾经有这样的特征，但已经不再有了，no longer do so.

88. The Emperor Augustus, it appears, commissioned an idealized sculpture portrait, the features of which are so unrealistic as to constitute what one scholar calls an "artificial face."

(A)  so unrealistic as to constitute

(B)  so unrealistic they constituted

(C)  so unrealistic that they have constituted

(D)  unrealistic enough so that they constitute

(E)   unrealistic enough so as to constitute

还有og-213, 这里的has been representative ETS也认为是表示曾经代表过，不过不再代表了。

213. The Federalist papers, a strong defense of the United States Constitution and important as a body of work in political science as well. represents the hand­iwork of three different authors.

(A)  and important as a body of work in political science as well, represents

(B)  as well as an important body of work in polit­ical science, represent

(C)  and also a body of work of importance in polit­ical science is representing

(D)  an important body of work in political science and has been representative of

(E)   and as political science an important body of work too, represent

而在og-90题里，D选项使用了have begun，ETS认为是正确的，因为这里的现在完成时表示了一种继续的意思。

90. Since 1986, when the Department of Labor began to allow investment officers' fees to be based on how the funds they manage perform, several corporations began paying their investment advisers a small basic fee, with a contract promising higher fees if the managers perform well.

(A)  investment officers’ fees to be based on how the funds they manage perform, several corporations began

(B)   investment officers’ fees to be based on the performance of the funds they manage, several corporations began

(C)  that fees of investment officers be based on how the funds they manage perform, several corporations have begun

(D)  fees of investment officers to be based on the performance of the funds they manage, several corporations have begun

(E)   that investment officers' fees be based on the performance of the funds they manage, several corporations began

这两题的区别是不是就在于HAVE后面接的词呢？constitued是一个短暂性动词，用现在完成时表示已经结束了，不再有了。而begin不一样，have begun, 已经开始了表示的是一种持续的意思.

请大家指教！谢谢了~~~~

[此贴子已经被作者于2005-8-16 13:21:29编辑过]

ring_cheng

而在og-90题里，D选项使用了have begun，ETS认为是正确的，因为这里的现在完成时表示了一种继续的意思。
90. Since 1986, when the Department of Labor began to allow investment officers' fees to be based on how the funds they manage perform, several corporations began paying their investment advisers a small basic fee, with a contract promising higher fees if the managers perform well.
(A)  investment officers’ fees to be based on how the funds they manage perform, several corporations began
(B)   investment officers’ fees to be based on the performance of the funds they manage, several corporations began
(C)  that fees of investment officers be based on how the funds they manage perform, several corporations have begun
(D)  fees of investment officers to be based on the performance of the funds they manage, several corporations have begun
(E)   that investment officers' fees be based on the performance of the funds they manage, several corporations began
这两题的区别是不是就在于HAVE后面接的词呢？constitued是一个短暂性动词，用现在完成时表示已经结束了，不再有了。而begin不一样，have begun, 已经开始了表示的是一种持续的意思.

MM是不是没注意到，这道题有个since 1986，当然主句要用完成时的。

另外，MM可不可以把字调成3号或4号，这样看着实在是吃力。。。

jerrold0023

以下是引用番茄笑了在2005-7-6 9:29:00的发言：

我觉得现在完成时表面看上去很简单，可是越看越复杂！

查了语法书，现在完成时

1，用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。

2，动作或状态发生在过去，但它的影响现在还存在；

3，也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。

那它什么时候表示的是之前已经完成的动作，什么时候时表示持续到现在的动作，是不是主要看它后面接的是什么动词？

番茄mm想的太复杂了。考试用不上那么艰深的语法。

我的做法是：通常情况下，不考虑时态问题。

（1）.明确的表示时间词或短语，才会考虑时态问题。

（2）.选项之间只有时态的区别，才会考虑时态问题。

例如，OG-88里面C选项用了have constitued　ETS 认为不对，因为在这里的现在完成时表示the statue 曾经有这样的特征，但已经不再有了，no longer do so.

88. The Emperor Augustus, it appears, commissioned an idealized sculpture portrait, the features of which are so unrealistic as to constitute what one scholar calls an "artificial face."

(A)  so unrealistic as to constitute       so..... as to.......有可能对

(B)  so unrealistic they constituted      缺少that, 错

(C)  so unrealistic that they have constituted  so ....that, 可能对

(D)  unrealistic enough so that they constitute     enough 和so that 混用，好像tony的总结里说，这样是不错的

(E)   unrealistic enough so as to constitute  同E

剩下AC。再仔细比较，发现：C中的they不知是指整句话的主语还是指features，所以句意不清。因此A好。

还有og-213, 这里的has been representative ETS也认为是表示曾经代表过，不过不再代表了。

213. The Federalist papers, a strong defense of the United States Constitution and important as a body of work in political science as well. represents the hand­iwork of three different authors.

(A)  and important as a body of work in political science as well, represents

(B)  as well as an important body of work in polit­ical science, represent

(C)  and also a body of work of importance in polit­ical science is representing

(D)  an important body of work in political science and has been representative of

(E)   and as political science an important body of work too, represent

先排除CDE，因为主句缺少谓语。

根据并列结构， a strong defensean 和an important body并列， 排除A。

而在og-90题里，D选项使用了have begun，ETS认为是正确的，因为这里的现在完成时表示了一种继续的意思。

90. Since 1986, when the Department of Labor began to allow investment officers' fees to be based on how the funds they manage perform, several corporations began paying their investment advisers a small basic fee, with a contract promising higher fees if the managers perform well.

(A)  investment officers’ fees to be based on how the funds they manage perform, several corporations began

(B)   investment officers’ fees to be based on the performance of the funds they manage, several corporations began

(C)  that fees of investment officers be based on how the funds they manage perform, several corporations have begun

(D)  fees of investment officers to be based on the performance of the funds they manage, several corporations have begun

(E)   that investment officers' fees be based on the performance of the funds they manage, several corporations began

这道题和前两个不同，因为它有明确的限定时间的短语Since 1986。因此，可以排除ABE。再比CD。由于the performance of the funds they manage的表达比how the funds they manage perform好，所以选D。

完成时没有那么复杂。总之，没有明确的信号，或者不到万不得已，不要考虑是否用完成时的问题。

[此贴子已经被作者于2005-8-16 10:21:59编辑过]

番茄笑了

以下是引用ring_cheng在2005-8-16 10:05:00的发言：

>

MM是不是没注意到，这道题有个since 1986，当然主句要用完成时的。

另外，MM可不可以把字调成3号或4号，这样看着实在是吃力。。。[em06]

不好意思，辛苦cheng MM了，不知道为什么我觉得1号字看得就好大了！还担心别人觉得我的字体弄太大呢！嗬嗬。。。现在这样应该好一点了吧！

番茄笑了

以下是引用jerrold0023在2005-8-16 10:20:00的发言：

番茄mm想的太复杂了。考试用不上那么艰深的语法。我的做法是：通常情况下，不考虑时态问题。

（1）.明确的表示时间词或短语，才会考虑时态问题。

（2）.选项之间只有时态的区别，才会考虑时态问题。

完成时没有那么复杂。总之，没有明确的信号，或者不到万不得已，不要考虑是否用完成时的问题。

谢谢jerrold的解释！呵呵。。。可能真的是我想得太复杂了！ 其实这几道题目我做的时候选对答案都没有问题，但是看到解释里提到的现在完成时理解不够清楚，担心考试中碰到一个重点考这个时态的我就死定了！看来我是多想了~