Ron 大神笔记总结（持续更新ing）

kokiku1234

此帖子是我自己听了Ron视频之后的总结。
Ron的各种安利帖子  大家可以自行搜索论坛查询
http://forum.chasedream.com/foru ... 55830&highlight=ron




SC  
2009.11.12  关键词：（代词歧义 单复数 preposition+n+ving）
1.代词歧义 ambiguous
在GMAT中允许在以下条件下代词可以与之前的多个名词指代有歧义
   （1）后面有情景补充说明此代词只指代目标名词
   （2）此代词与目标指代的名词平行，且
   （3）此代词不与其他名词平行
e.g.，Take  the  pizza     out      of     box                -and-     put       it            into the oven  
                     目标代词    prep    of+n结构          并列连词            代词        明确的情景

52、 Sulfur dioxide, a major contributor to acid rain, is an especially serious pollutant because it diminishes the respiratory system's ability to deal with all other pollutants.
A an especially serious pollutant because it diminishes the respiratory system's ability to deal
B an especially serious pollutant because of diminishing the respiratory system's capability of dealing
C an especially serious pollutant because it diminishes the capability of the respiratory system in dealing
D a specially serious pollutant because it diminishes the capability of the respiratory system to deal
E a specially serious pollutant because of diminishing the respiratory system's ability to deal

其他区别点：especially 指跟高程度的，有比较的含义
                   specially   特别的（不是寻常的）

                    because+句子
                    because of +名词（不包括动名词）

2.单复数与动词形式
X is/are Y
原则是：X中有名词可以当subject则按照subject的单复数决定动词单复数形式
            如果X不能当subject 则往后找 Y中的subject决定动词单复数形式

判断是否能当subject的原则：1⃣️不能是状语从句等修饰性从句
                                                  2⃣️不能是介词+名词或者名词短语（object of preposition）
                                         3⃣️不能是动词后面的名词（object of verbs）
如果是复合subject 例如 a，b and c--------当做一个整体且是一个复数单词；当后句出现代词时，指代的是此复合整体，不能是只是其中的a/b/c


The period when the great painted caves at Lascaux and Altamira were occupied by Upper Paleolithic people has been established by carbon-14 dating，but what is much more difficult to determine are the reason for their decoration，the use to which primitive people put the caves，and the meaning of the magnificently depicted animals．
(A) has been established by carbon-14 dating，but what is much more difficult to determine are
(B) has been established by carbon-14 dating，but what is much more difficult to determine is
(C) have been established by carbon-14 dating，but what is much more difficult to determine is
(D) have been established by carbon-14 dating，but what is much more difficult to determine are
(E) are established by carbon-14 dating，but that which is much more difficult to determine is


the period是第一句的主语；What ---引导的主语从句是第二句的主语，当主语从句作为主语时后面的谓语永远是单数 --选B

3.preposition+n+ving 结构
当遇到这个结构的时候要特别小心，并不是一定错的，需要从句意入手判断。
eg，There is no evidence of my brother stealing the candy  此句用 of + n+ving 结构的意思会变成没有哥哥的证据，而句意要表达没有哥哥偷糖吃的证据。
-----所以如果ving的动作是要表达的意思，那么此结构是错误的


Although no proof yet exists of electromagnetic fields generated by household appliances posing any health threat, mounting scientific evidence has convinced many experts that there is cause for concern.
(A) of electromagnetic fields generated by household appliances posing any health threat
(B) of electromagnetic fields generated by household appliances that pose any threat to health
(C) that electromagnetic fields generated by household appliances pose any threat to health
(D) that poses any threat to health from electromagnetic fields generated by household appliances
(E) for any health threat posed by electromagnetic fields generated by household appliances

其他排除点
B中that pose any threat to health 修饰的会是 家用电器，和句子意思家用电气产生的electromagnetic 带来危险不符
D中 that poses any threat to health 修饰proof ，同样与句意不符
E 无 proof for 用法














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zhaozhaoyueyue8

加油！顶一个

kokiku1234

2.SC   2010 1月12 关键词（平行结构；compare to/with）
         
平行结构
1⃣️首先梳理一下平行结构的标志性词（此处摘自曼哈顿语法）：
第一类是开放性的   -and- ；-or-；-rather than-  
第二类是闭合性的（此类标志性词有两个）  both .A.and .B./  either..or../not..but../not only..but also../from..to...   

2⃣️对于第一类，从标志性词右方的结构推出左方的结构，如标志性词左方找到标志性词右方的结构---则平行结构成立
eg.Most fossils of species X were found in F or K   -------此句正确，因为or是标志词，其右边K是名词，左边也找到了一个F是名词
      Most fossils of species X were found in F or in K------此句也正确，因为or是标志词，其左边结构为介词+n，左边也找到了介词+n
   对于第二类，标志性词之间的结构必须一致 即both A and B ，A与B需要平行。
eg.Most fossils of species X were found either in F or in K ------此句正确，因为either 。。or。。是标志词。either后为 in+n ，or 后也为 in+n
    Most fossils of species X were found in either F or in K -------此句不正确，因为either 。。or。。是标志词。either后为 n ，or 后为 in+n，结构不平行

3⃣️其他特殊平行标志词
   A ，B ，and C  这里标志词是，与，and ------因此ABC都应该平行
   此处特别注意对比 A ,B and C  这里标志词只有 and （B and C) 是A的修饰语-----因此只有BC需要平行

313.        Found throughout Central and South America, sloths hang from trees by long rubbery limbs and sleep fifteen hours a day, moving infrequently enough that two species of algae grow on its coat and between its toes.

(A) sloths hang from trees by long rubbery limbs and sleep fifteen hours a day, moving infrequently enough
(B) sloths hang from trees by long rubbery limbs, they sleep fifteen hours a day, and with such infrequent movements
(C) sloths use their long rubbery limbs to hang from trees, sleep fifteen hours a day, and move so infrequently
(D) the sloth hangs from trees by its long rubbery limbs, sleeping fifteen hours a day and moving so infrequently
(E) the sloth hangs from trees by its long rubbery limbs, sleeps fifteen hours a day, and it moves infrequently enough
由平行结构可以得出，C与D是对的~
看SLOTH的单复数，由 its coat and between its toes看出，，主语应该是单数的
所以选D
4⃣️不完全对称的平行结构（高分题）
在GMAT中大多数平行结构是比较完美对称的，但是有一些高分题的平行结构并不完全对称
eg. Hand signs that natives use and that appear in local rituals  ----正确，and 右边是 that 引导的从句，and左边也为that 引导的从句
     Hand signs that natives use and appear in local rituals -----错误，and右边是V 而且V的主语是hand signs，and左边的V是use 但是use的主语是 natives
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Hand signs used by natives and appearing in local rituals -----正确，and右边是v-ing 的adj修饰语而且修饰hand signs，and左边是V-ed作为adj修饰语修饰hand signs





5⃣️

83. A report by the American Academy for the Advancement of Science has concluded that much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed comes from the incineration of wastes.

　　(A) much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed comes

　　(B) much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins that North Americans are exposed to come

　　(C) much of the dioxins that are currently uncontrolled and that North Americans are exposed to comes

　　(D) many of the dioxins that are currently uncontrolled and North Americans are exposed to come

　　(E) many of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed come

首先CD中都有平行结构指示词 and，但是D中错误平行所以排除
其次modifier不能以prep介词结尾 eg.the restaurant （that） we ate at --错误，（that） we ate at为restaurant修饰语，不能以 at结尾
所以排除BC
最后dioxins可数用many修饰 选E

kokiku1234

SC 2010.5.13  关键词：and的句意 平行结构  比较结构中的辅助动词
1⃣️ 被and连接的两句句子 意味着两句句子的句子意思独立没有关系
eg.There was a great deal of traffic today ,and i was late to work. ( and链接两句，两句独立无联系，意味着交通堵塞不是我迟到的原因）
There was a great deal of traffic today ,and THUS i was late to work.（此句加了thus 意味着交通堵塞是迟到的原因）

2⃣️为什么会有平行结构？因为平行结构表达的意思是平行的。平行结构不是因为标志性词而平行，是根据句子意思，只有在 idea represented by these words are parallel 的情况下才使用平行结构

This student cheats on the exam by copying other students‘ answers and writing hints on paper.
正确---此句根据句子意思发现 抄答案和在纸上打小抄应该是平行的 都是作弊的具体动作
This student cheats on the exam by copying other students‘ answers and writes hints on paper.
错误---此句根据句子意思发现 抄答案和在纸上打小抄应该是平行的，如果此句是平行的，那么句子意思将改变为writes与cheats 这两个动作平行。
This student cheats on the exam by copying other students‘ answers and stealing food from school's cafe.
错误---从cafe偷东西不是作弊的具体动作，根据句子意思应该与作弊平行。
This student cheats on the exam by copying other students‘ answers and steals food from school's cafe.
正确---根据句子意思cafe偷东西应该与作弊的动作平行，都是this student 做出的坏事。

3⃣️比较结构中的辅助动词 （do， can，does，will，could等）

eg，i know more about S than my brother does.

什么时候比较结构要加辅助动词？-----当不加句子意思会产生歧义的时候。
eg,i can run faster than my brother. 正确——因为没有辅助动词can句子也不会产生歧义
    i can run faster than my brother can.正确
    i know more about S than my brother.不正确--没有辅助动词does此句将有两种解释，一是我比我哥哥更了解S（我和哥哥都了解S)，二是我比了解我哥哥更了解S(不知道哥哥了不了解S）。
    i know more about S than my brother does.正确


辅助动词放在句子的什么位置？
eg,i know more about S than my brother does. --正确
    i know more about S than does my brother.--正确，辅助动词可以放在subject之前。
    i know more about S than my highly educated brother does.--正确，修饰语不改变正确性。
    i know more about S than does my highly educated brother.--正确，形容词/修饰短语放在辅助动词之后
    i know more about S than my brother, who has not studied British literature,does.语法上没有错误，但是awkward，不能选。
    i know more about S than my brother does, who has not studied British literature.--错误，subject和修饰句之间不能有附注动词
    i know more about S than does my brother, who has not studied British literature--正确，这告诉我们当subject有修饰句子的时候辅助动词应该前置。
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wobbly

感谢楼主分享！

canlan

这个必须要顶一个，lz辛苦了

kokiku1234

2011.10.20 (关键字：COMPARISON)
1. comparison 的种类
   literal 的比较或者对比：A is like B/A is UNLIKE B
   quantitive的比较：greater than ,less than /more___than,as____as/Half as much as
   其他general ：I mistook X for Y
2.comparison 中我们需要什么？
平行---对比的东西需要平行（意思是越像越好，同种类，同情况）
逻辑---句子意思要合理
eg，I like swimming more than to run.-----错误，此句不平行。
       Chopin's concertos are more emotional than Mozart.-----错误，逻辑语义不合理，某一首乐曲不能和人比。


Unlike most severance packages, which require workers to stay until the last day scheduled to collect, workers at the automobile company are eligible for its severance package even if they find a new job before they are terminated.                                    

• Athe last day scheduled to collect, workers at the automobile company are eligible for its severance package  
• Bthe last day they are scheduled to collect, workers are eligible for the automobile company's severance package  
• Ctheir last scheduled day to collect, the automobile company offers its severance package to workers  
• Dtheir last scheduled day in order to collect, the automobile company's severance package is available to workers  
• Ethe last day that they are scheduled to collect, the automobile company's severance package is available to workers  
  

首先由语义，可以得知是most severance packages 在和 这个特定的severance packages在比较--排出比较的东西不对的A/B/C
其次Ethe last day that they are scheduled to collect  ---that 指代DAY 变成collect days  而原意是collect packages
所以选D



Like any star of similar mass would do, once the Sun has exhausted the hydrogen in its core, it expands into a red giant, eventually ejecting its outer envelope of gases to become a white dwarf.                                    

• ALike any star of similar mass would do, once the Sun has exhausted the hydrogen in its core, it expands into a red giant, eventually ejecting  
• BLike any star of similar mass, once the hydrogen in the Sun's core is exhausted, then it expands into a red giant and eventually ejects  
• CAs in the case of any star of similar mass, once the hydrogen in the Sun's core is exhausted, it will expand into a red giant, and eventually ejecting  
• DAs any star of similar mass would, once the hydrogen in the Sun's core is exhausted it will expand into a red giant and will eventually eject
• EAs would be the case with any star of similar mass, once the Sun exhausts the hydrogen in its core, it will expand into a red giant and eventually eject  
  

A中的对比主语是STAR 和SUN
B STAR---HYDROGEN
C STAR---HYDROGEN
D STAR---HYDROGEN
E STAR---SUN
所以根据句意 排除BCD
再者 AS 在比较时应该跟句子或者介词词组 LIKE 后跟名词
所以选E

篮球宝贝tb

加油加油~~顶起来

robin001

感谢！！！！！！！！

becazhang

膜拜RON大神~楼主辛苦啦