-ing在句子中的常见位置及对应的注意事项

Elaine_Eady

这几天被-ing的题目纠结到无以言表，“-ing”和“comma+-ing”的区别和联系，-ing放在main sentence前和后所代表的成分是不一样的，什么时候做noun modifier，什么时候做verb modifier…… 这些小东西让LZ以每天5道OG SC题目的龟速前进着，都是泪。

决定开个帖，把笔记里、题目里的-ing用法总结归类一下，以后再见到-ing的用法也会在后面附上。一定要让这个拦路石变成我的垫脚石，oh yeah～

1. 用在main sentence之前，"-ing，main sentence"

Opening modifiers appear at the beginning of a sentence.
-ing 放在句首作opening modifier，修饰主句第一个词

e.g. Tired from/Sleeping…
Manhattan SC：It may seem unnatural, but it is perfectly fine to write such sentence.

条件反射：是不是dangling modifier，它的subject是谁？make sense 吗？


2. 用在main sentence之后，“main sentence，-ing”

作为noun modifier，要尽可能的接近被修饰的subject/object
作为adverbial，modify verb/sentence，要满足以下条件之一：
1） was simutaneously with the event mentioned  
2） or part of the event mentioned before the underlined
3） when -ing participle is placed after the main sentence, impling a result of underlined
4） -ed participle tend to indicate a completed action relative to the given time frame in the sentence

* immediate consequence--proximate, immediate, and produced as an essentially unavoidable result of the main action

反应在做题上，在遇到“main sentence，-ing”结构时，要从句意出发，判断和main clause是从属关系还是equal importance的关系（用and，but，or连接的）——

若是equal importance，直接排除-ing选项；

若是从属，eliminate the “and” choice

then，figure out the exact relationship ： why/how/what/when  ？ simultaneous action？ consequence？ 只要有一个是满足的，就可以作为正确选项

3. 放在句中，一般修饰immediately preceding noun/pronoun:

in GMAC's usage, "no comma + __ing" modifiers always modify the noun directly before them. —— Ron神

以OG16 SC30 (OG12 SC6)的D选项解析为例：

In late 1997, the chambers inside the pyramid of the Pharaoh Menkaure at Giza were closed to visitors for cleaning and repair due to moisture exhaled bv tourists, which raised its humidity to such levels so that salt from the stone was crystallizing and fungus was growing on the walls.

(A) due to moisture exhaled by tourists, which raised its humidity to such levels so that salt from the stone was crystallizing

(B) due to moisture that tourists had exhaled, thereby raising its humidity to such levels that salt from the stone would crystallize

(C) because tourists were exhaling moisture, which had raised the humidity within them to levels such that salt from the stone would crystallize

(D) because of moisture that was exhaled by tourists raising the humidity within them to levels so high as to make the salt from the stone crystallize

(E) because moisture exhaled by tourists had raised the humidity within them to such levels that salt from the stone was crystallizing

OA: E
D选项在Manhattan论坛上Ron神说，raising放在句中without comma，是修饰immediately preceding noun/pronoun - tourists。结构上-tourists，但是句意上应该modify moisture，二者矛盾句意为先，这是D选项错误的原因之一。
没有因果关系的也可以用opening modifier，如果本身有强烈因果关系，用的时候注意顺序，因放前，果放后，无论-ing是放在主句前还是后


4. -ing的三重身份决定了plural & singular：

v-ing as part of verb form will have another verb immediately.  e.g. She is playing soccer.
v-ing as adj, — plural/singular dependent on the noun after it. e.g. Rising inventories are good thing.
v-ing as gerund (noun), part of subject phrase/clause, — singular. e.g. Eating healthy is good habit.


5. -ing 和 which 的爱恨纠缠

Use WHICH only to refer to the noun immediately preceding it ---never to refer to an entire clause.

which所修饰的noun/pronoun的位置限定是很严格的：其他的modifier会flexible一点，都没有那么严格：
The fact that "which" is so severely restricted is, in fact, the entire reason why "which" is notable!
Most modifiers have more flexibility. If all modifiers were constrained in this way, then most descriptive sentences would become impossible to write.

The same principle applies to ___, who/whom/whose ...

It also applies to modifiers that have little words in front of who/whom/whose/which. E.g., it applies to
___, to which ...
___ of which ...
___, to whom ...
___, each of whom ...
___, because of which ...

and so on.
And don't forget that these modifiers are allowed to refer to either of 2 structures:1/ A noun;

A noun + preposition + other noun. (E.g., The picture of my father, which is in a wooden frame, sits in the center of the table.)

相关例子可以戳我之前发过的一个求助帖，不过里面还有一个in doing的用法为题悬而未决，顺带求解答
http://forum.chasedream.com/thread-1094581-1-1.html

TYHx会好运

感谢分享！